Thomas A. Britten - American Indians in World War I: at home and at war
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American Indians in World War I: at home and at war
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During World War I, about 10,000 Native Americans either enlisted or were drafted into the American Expeditionary Force. Three related questions are examined in depth for the first time in this book: What were the battlefield experiences of Native Americans? How did racial and cultural stereotypes about Indians affect their duties? Did their wartime contributions lead to changes in federal Indian policy or their standard of living?Many American Indians distinguished themselves fighting on the Western Front. And as compared to black and Mexican American soldiers, Indians enjoyed near universal respect when in uniform. To celebrate their patriotism during and after the war, Indians could even perform a variety of traditional ceremonies otherwise proscribed. Both in combat and in their support roles on the homefront, including volunteer contributions by Indian women, Native Americans hoped their efforts would result in a more vigorous application of democracy. But the Bureau of Indian Affairs continued to cut health and education programs and to suppress Indian cultures. This is a first-rate book and a significant contribution to twentieth-century Indian history.--Professor Donald L. Parman
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American Indians in World War I : At Home and At War
author
:
Britten, Thomas A.
publisher
:
University of New Mexico
isbn10 | asin
:
0826320902
print isbn13
:
9780826320902
ebook isbn13
:
9780585211367
language
:
English
subject
World War, 1914-1918--Participation, Indian, United States--Armed Forces--Indians, Indians of North America--History--20th century, Indian veterans--United States.
publication date
:
1999
lcc
:
D570.8.I6B75 1999eb
ddc
:
940.4/03
subject
:
World War, 1914-1918--Participation, Indian, United States--Armed Forces--Indians, Indians of North America--History--20th century, Indian veterans--United States.
Page iii
American Indians in World War I
At Home and at War
Thomas A. Britten
UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO PRESS Albuquerque
Page iv
1997 by the University of New Mexico Press All rights reserved. First paperbound printing, 1999
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Britten, Thomas A. (Thomas Anthony), 1964 American Indians in World War I at home and at war / Thomas A. Britten.1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8263-1804-5 ISBN 0-8263-2090-2 (pbk.) 1. World War, 1914-1918Participation, Indian. 2. United StatesArmed ForcesIndians. 3. Indians of North AmericaHistory20th century. 4. Indian veteransUnited States. I. Title. D570.8.16B75 1997 940.4'03dc21 97-4685 CIP
Page v
To Connie, Zachary, and Reuben
Page vii
Contents
Acknowledgments
ix
Introduction
3
1. Indian Soldiers Prior to World War I
9
2. Indian Soldiers and the Issue of Segregated Troops
28
3. The Draft and Enlistment of American Indians
51
4. Indian Soldiers in the American Expeditionary Force
73
5. American Indians as "Doughboys" The Influence of Stereotypes
99
6. American Indians and Other Minorities in World War I
116
7. The Indian Homefront and the BIA
132
8. Indian Veterans in the Postwar Era
159
Conclusion
183
Notes
189
Bibliography
227
Index
245
Illustrations following page
86
Page ix
Acknowledgments
I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to the faculty and staff at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas, for their assistance in the early phases of this book's preparation. In particular, Dr. Paul H. Carlson, Professor of History, guided and supported the formation and development of the early drafts, as well as providing expert editing and sharing his keen insights into Native American history. The staff at the Texas Tech University Library was always glad to help, as were the archivists at the school's Southwest Collection.
I also extend my thanks to the staff at the Oklahoma State Historical Society in Oklahoma City and to the various libraries around the country that house sections of the Doris Duke Indian Oral History Collections (University of Oklahoma and University of South Dakota in particular)sources that were indispensable in helping to gain a better understanding of Indian perspectives on the war. The folks at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., and at the Federal Records Center in Suitland, Maryland, were also very helpful. Ann Cummings, who works at the National Archives was my conduit to various record groups and her aid was much appreciated.
Dr. Tom Kavanaugh and the staff at the William Hammond Mathers Museum in Bloomington, Indiana, were a great helpparticularly in allowing easy access to the Joseph K. Dixon Collection and to the photographs of the various Wanamaker Expeditions.
I also wish to thank the faculty and staff at Briar Cliff College in Sioux City, Iowa. Beth Heck and Sr. Mary Jane Koenigs in the interlibrary loan department were always willing to offer assistance and to go the extra mile to acquire needed materials. Phil Hey, Professor of English, helped edit the manuscript and his expert critiqueboth on form and contentwas most useful.
Finally, I extend my gratitude to David Holtby and the editorial staff at the University of New Mexico Press, and to Dr. Donald Parman, Professor of
Page x
History at Purdue University, who served as an outside reviewer of the book. His critiques and advice were outstanding.
As is the case with most books, this one was a "community effort." However, every author must, in the end, exercise his/her own best judgment concerning matters of style and interpretation. Consequently, I bear full responsibility for any omissions, errors, or shortcomings.
Page 3
Introduction
Late one evening during the summer of 1918, A Party Of twenty men from Company I, Fourth Artillery Regiment, made its way quietly across No Man's Land toward enemy lines near the Champagne sector in northern France. Night patrols are a dangerous duty in any war but were especially so during World War I, a conflict that one contemporary politician described as the "maddest orgy of blood, rapine, and murder which history records."1 Initially each side employed nineteenth-century tactics that allowed for massive frontal assaults across open fields, but the development and use of high-powered rifles and machine guns by both the Central and Entente Powers soon forced opposing armies underground into vast networks of trenches. Nonetheless, the threat of death remained constantfrom artillery barrages, poison-gas attacks, snipers, and disease.
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