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Laurence M. Hauptman - Tribes and Tribulations: Misconceptions About American Indians and Their Histories

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Most Americans are misinformed about Native Americans and their history. In the nine essays in this volume, Laurence M. Hauptman, drawing on twenty-five years of teaching American Indian history, selects topics from the seventeenth century to the present as examples of some commonly held but erroneous views on Indian-white relations, including campaigns to pacify and Christianize Indians, policies of removal, and stereotypes of Indians as mascots for sports teams or Hollywood film sidekicks.Some misconceptions arise from mistaken claims that pass as fact, such as the notion that the U.S. Constitution derived some of its concepts from the Iroquois. The misuse of terms such as genocide and paternalism has also obscured the experience of individual Indian nations or dulled perceptions about Anglo-American avarice. The tribal sovereignty guaranteed by treaties and, at the same time, Native Americans United States citizenship have confused many who assume Indians receive special privileges.Throughout the book, emphasis is given to Native Americans in the East, where a quarter of all Indians live today. Hauptmans knowledgeable and provocative analysis strips away wrong notions and replaces them with new insights and perspectives.

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Page iii
Tribes and Tribulations
Misconceptions About American Indians and their Histories
Laurence M. Hauptman
University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque
Page iv
1995 by the University of New Mexico Press
All rights reserved / Second paperbound printing, 1996
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hauptman, Laurence M.
Tribes and tribulations: misconceptions about American Indians
and their histories / Laurence M. Hauptman.
1st edition p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8263-1581-X (cl.).ISBN 0-8263-1582-8 (pa.)
1. Indians of North AmericaPublic opinion.
2. Indians of North AmericaHistory.
3. Indians of North AmericaGovernment relations.
4. Public opinionUnited States.
5. Language and cultureUnited States. I. Title
E98.P99H38 1995
970.004'97dc 20
CIP
Designed by Sue Niewiarowski
Page v
For my students in twenty-five years of teaching
and to two extraordinary teachers
William T. Hagan and Jack Campisi
Page vii
Contents
Illustrations
ix
Preface
xi
Acknowledgments
xv
1. Genocide
3
2. The Hero
15
3. Speculations on the Constitution
27
4. The Missionary from Hell
39
5. Hostiles
49
6. Paternalism
63
7. Playing Indian
81
8. There Are No Indians East of the Mississippi
93
9. Warriors with Attach Cases
109
Notes
123
Index
153

Page ix
Illustrations
John Underhill
17
The Attack on the Pequot Fort
19
Theodore Roosevelt Dedictaing a Monument to John Underhill
25
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's Military Staff
50
Tombstone of Pvt. Austin George
52
Pvt. Jacob Winnie (Winney)
52
Pvt. Winnie's Tombstone
52
Gen. Stand Watie
60
Grand Army of the Republic Reunion, 1907
61
Louis Francis Sockalexis
85
Jay Silverheels as Tonto and Clayton Moore as the Lone Ranger
89
The Haverford College Regional Meeting of the American Indian Chicago Conference
101
Julian Pierce
116

Page xi
Preface
Picture 2
One false assumption...
and logic does the rest.
Expression on sign at Gardiner, New York
The following nine essays focus on some of the many misconceptions that Americans have about Native Americans and their histories. In the subtitle of this book, I have purposely used the word misconceptions, meaning erroneous conceptions, false opinions, wrong notions, or misunderstandings, rather than the word myths. The latter connotes stories which quite likely concern heroes or deities and attempt to explain a society's worldview or sense of identity. Although several chapters focus on the mythology of the frontier, the book, as the quotation at the beginning of the preface indicates, is largely about false assumptions, not all of which have taken mythic proportions, and which have restricted our understanding of Native Americans and their histories. Misconceptions are a product of many factors, including historical misconstruction, misinterpretation and omission, mythmaking and invented tradition, as well as stereotyping and racial bias.
To be sure, Native Americans are seriously affected by how Americans generally construct and define their nation's history. This framework has been labeled by Daniel J. Boorstin as the "Survival of the Victorious Point of View: The Success Bias." To Boorstin, much of the history of the United States is "hidden" because of this bias since a "dominant theme in the writing of American history has been the filling of the continent, the consolidating of a great nation. But the desire to secede, to move
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