Hiro - A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Middle East

A Comprehensive Dictionary
of the Middle East

Also by Dilip Hiro

N ON -F ICTION

Non-Fiction

Iran Under the Ayatollahs (2013)

After Empire: The Birth of a Multipolar World (2012)

Apocalyptic Realm: Jihadists in South Asia (2012)

Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey and Iran (2011)

Jihad on Two Fronts: South Asia's Unfolding Drama (2011)

Babur Nama (2007)

Blood of the Earth: The Battle for the World's Vanishing Oil Resources (2006)

Iran Today (2006)

The Iranian Labyrinth: Journeys through Theocratic Iran and its Furies (2005)

Iraq: A Report from the Inside (2003)

Secrets and Lies: Operation Iraqi Freedom and After (2003)

The Rough Guide History of India (2002)

Iraq: In the Eye of the Storm (2002)

War Without End: The Rise of Islamist Terrorism and Global Response (2002)

India: The Rough Guide Chronicle (2002)

Neighbors, Not Friends: Iraq and Iran After the Gulf Wars (2001)

Sharing the Promised Land: A Tale of Israelis and Palestinians (1999)

Dictionary of the Middle East (1996)

The Middle East (1996)

Between Marx and Muhammad: The Changing Face of Central Asia (1995)

Lebanon: Fire and Embers: A History of the Lebanese Civil War (1993)

Desert Shield to Desert Storm: The Second Gulf War (1992)

Black British, White British: A History of Race Relations in Britain (1991)

The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict (1991)

Holy Wars: The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism (1989)

Iran: The Revolution Within (1988)

Inside the Middle East (1982)

Inside India Today (1977)

The Untouchables of India (1975)

Black British, White British (1973)

The Indian Family in Britain (1969)

F ICTION

Three Plays (1985)

Interior, Exchange, Exterior (Poems, 1980)

Apply, Apply, No Reply & A Clean Break (Two Plays, 1978)

To Anchor a Cloud (Play, 1972)

A Triangular View (Novel, 1969)

First published in 2013 by

Copyright Dilip Hiro, 2013

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.

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Contents

Index

List of Maps

Map 1 The Ottoman Empire ca 1800

Map 2 The Middle East Today

Map 3 Palestine 1947: UN Partition Plan

Map 4 Jerusalem 1947: UN Corpus Separatum Proposal

Map 5 Israel 1949: UN Armistice Lines

Map 6 Jerusalem 1949: Armistice Lines

Map 7 Israel and The Occupied Arab Territories 1967

Map 8 Jerusalem 1967 Under Israel

Map 9 Israel-West Bank showing the barrier, 2011

Map 10 Israel-West Bank closures showing Jewish settlements 12

Using this Guide

Abbreviations Used

Alphabetical Order

The alphabetic order does not take into account spaces, hyphens, or the Arabic definite article al/el.

In the Arab Middle East (a) the current rulers of Jordan and Saudi Arabia, and the past rulers of Egypt and Iraq are called kings; (b) the ruler of Oman, sultan; (c) the ruler of North Yemen, imam; and (d) the rest, emirs. For (a), (b), and (c), see the first name of the ruler, and for (d) the family name. For the king of Iran, see the family name.

Alternative Spellings

The spelling given in the headword is preferable to the alternative(s) mentioned later.

Cross-References

The cross-reference noted by [ q.v. ] means that further information about the subject is available under the word(s) after which it appears.

No cross-reference is used for the countries of the Middle East, except for Palestine and Transjordan.

Index

It covers the list of entries and sub-entries in alphabetical order.

Preface

The best way to use this reference work is to look up the term(s) first in the Index.

This general-purpose dictionary pertains to the Middle East, a region covering Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, the Palestinian Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. The reason for this selection is given under the entry: Middle East.

The dictionary covers the following subjects: Arab-Israeli wars, Arab Spring, biographies, Christianity and Christian sects, civil wars, country profiles, ethnic groups, geography, government, Gulf wars, history and historical places, hostages, international agreements and treaties, Islam and Islamic sects, Judaism and Jewish sects, languages, literature and writers, military and military leaders, miscellaneous, non-conventional biological-chemical-nuclear weapons, oil and gas, personalities, the peace process, politics, political ideologies, religious ideologies and ideologues, regional conflicts, regional organizations, terrorism, tourist designations, and the United Nations.

I have included only those personalities who made an impact on the politics, military, religion, or literature of a country or the region, and who reached adulthood around the turn of the 20th century or later. Likewise, I have included only those international agreements, protocols, or treaties that were signed, or initialed, in the 20th century or later. In the case of political, religious, or politico-religious parties and personalities, I have paid as much attention to those in power, now or in the past, as to those in opposition.