Dilip Hiro - Holy Wars (Routledge Revivals): The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism

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Routledge Revivals

Holy Wars

To some, Islamic Fundamentalism means the restoration of a true religion. To others, it is a politics that stands apart from capitalism and socialism. To many Westerners, it has come to constitute a threat to established order and international security. Holy Wars, first published in 1989, comprises a non-partisan narrative that takes account of both the socio-cultural values expressed in Fundamentalism, and its political consequences. Dilip Hiros starting point is that fundamentalist forces have been active within Islam since the death of the Prophet Muhammad. He presents the two major sects, Sunnis and Shias, in this light. Hiro provides the background for an understanding of what was taking place in Middle Eastern countries such as Afghanistan, Libya, Egypt and Syria at the end of the 1980s. This is a comprehensive and readable work, of great relevance and value to those with an interest in Middle Eastern politics and history, and the growth of Islamic Fundamentalism.

Highly readable It is both a beginners guide and a highly intelligent wrap-up for the specialist - Ahmed Rashid, The Independent

Well-written, comprehensive, informed and, most important, carefully balanced and objectively presented - James A. Bill, The Washington Post

A welcome companion for those watching Islams struggle for balance between authenticity and modernity, which now affects us all - Publishers Weekly

A well-researched chronicle of its subject and a valuable insight into the movements impact - Marie Colvin, The Sunday Times

Holy Wars

The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism

Dilip Hiro

First published in 1989

by Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc.

This edition first published in 2013 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1989 Dilip Hiro

The right of Dilip Hiro to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Publishers Note

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer

The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact.

A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 89010190

ISBN 13: 978-0-415-82444-6 (hbk)

ISBN 13: 978-0-203-38101-4 (ebk)

HOLY WARS

The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism

by Dilip Hiro

Published in 1989 by

Routledge

An imprint of Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc.

29 West 35th Street

New York, NY 10001

Copyright 1989 by Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Inc.

Printed in the United States of America

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Hiro, Dilip.

Holy wars : the rise of Islamic fundamentalism / Dilip Hiro.

p. cm.

Bibliography: p.

Includes index.

ISBN 0-415-90207-X. ISBN 0-415-90208-8 (pbk.)

1. Islamic fundamentalismMiddle EastHistory20th century.

2. Islam and politicsMiddle EastHistory20th century.

3. Middle EastPolitics and government. I. Title.

BP63.A4M534 1989

297.09dc20

89-10190

CIP

To

Carol B.

The Muslim World

Heartland of Islam

The Islamic calendar is lunar. It dates from 15 July A.D. 622, the day of the hijra (migration) of Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, and is denoted by A.H.: After Hijra.

On average a lunar year contains 354 days. The Islamic lunar months, with their duration, are: Muharram (30 days), Safar (29), Rabia Awal (30), Rabia Thani (29), Jumada Awal (30), Jumada Thani (29), Rajab (30), Shaaban (29), Ramadan (29), Shawal (30), Dhu al Qaada (29) and Dhu al Hijja (30).

Since a lunar year is shorter than a solar year by eleven days, it takes thirty-four years to equal roughly thirty-three solar years. That is, there is an approximate difference of three years between a lunar century and a solar one.

To convert an Islamic lunar year date to a Christian solar date, divide it first by 1.031, and then add 621 or 622.

aal: of a family or tribe

abi/abu: father

adha: sacrifice

ahl: people

akbar: great

akhbar: report

al/el/ol/ul: the

Alawi: follower or descendant of Imam Ali

alim (pi. ulama): religious-legal scholar

amal: hope

amr: command

ansar: helper (of Prophet Muhammad)

ashura: (lit.) tenth; (fig.) tenth of Muharram

asr: period or age

Ayatollah: sign or token of Allah

azhar: resplendent

baath: renaissance

bacha: son

bait: place or house

balaghe: eloquence

basij: mobilization

bast: sanctuary

beduin (sing, bedu): nomads

bida: innovation

bin: son

bint: daughter

bismillah: in the name of Allah

chador: (lit.) sheet; (fig.) veil

daawa: call (of Islam)

dar: house or realm

dervish: mendicant

din: faith

-e: of

eid: festival

Eid al Adha: the Festival of Sacrifice

Eid al Fitr: the Festival of Breaking the Fast

emir/amir: one who gives amr (command); commander

faqih: religious jurist

fatwa: religious ruling

fedayin (sing. fedai): self-sacrificers

fitna: sedition or civil strife

fitr: breaking the fast

hadd: (lit.) boundary; (fig.) punishments contained in the Sharia

hadith: action or speech of Prophet Muhammad or an Imam

hajj: pilgrimage (to Mecca)

haram: religiously forbidden

harb: war

hazrat: title for a prophet or imam

hijab: screen or veil

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