Grachev - Gorbachevs Gamble: Soviet Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War
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GORBACHEVS GAMBLE
To Alena, and to my grandson Maxim, with the hope that one day he will read this book and will be struck by the contrast between the world in which he will be living and the absurdity and fears of the one that had been inherited by his grandparents.
GORBACHEVS GAMBLE
Soviet Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War
Andrei Grachev
polity
Copyright Andrei Grachev 2008
The right of Andrei Grachev 2008 to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published in 2008 by Polity Press
Polity Press
65 Bridge Street
Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK
Polity Press
350 Main Street
Malden, MA 02148, USA
All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
ISBN-13: 978-0-7456-5532-1
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Typeset in 11 on 13pt Palatino
by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Manchester
Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall
The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate.
Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition.
For further information on Polity, visit our website: www.polity.co.uk
THE GORBACHEV YEARS: A CHRONOLOGY
1982
November. Brezhnev dies, replaced by Andropov as Soviet leader |
1983
March. Reagan denounces the USSR as the evil empire; announces the Strategic Defense Intitative |
August. KAL flight 007 shot down over the Sea of Okhotsk |
November. NATO Able Archer nuclear scare (nuclear war gaming) exercise |
1984
February. Andropov dies, replaced by Chernenko |
December. Gorbachev goes to the UK at the head of a Soviet Parliamentarian delegation. First meeting with Margaret Thatcher |
1985
March. Chernenko dies. Gorbachev is elected Partys General Secretary |
October. Gorbachevs official visit to France at the invitation of Franois Mitterrand |
November. USSoviet summit meeting in Geneva. First meeting of Gorbachev with Reagan |
1986
January. Soviet governments Declaration proposing to rid the world of nuclear weapons by the year 2000 |
FebruaryMarch. 27th Congress of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). Announcement of reforms in internal life and radical changes in Soviet foreign policy |
April. Explosion of nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl power plant |
October. GorbachevReagan meeting in Reykjavik |
December. Andrei Sakharov returns to Moscow from his forced exile in Gorky. |
1987
May. West German amateur pilot Mathias Rust lands on Red Square near the Kremlin. Gorbachev fires the Minister of Defence Marshal Sokolov and top commanders of the Soviet air-defence |
December. Gorbachevs official visit to the USA. Signing of the INF Treaty in Washington |
1988
April. Signing of Geneva Agreements on Afghanistan |
JuneJuly. 19th Party Conference in Moscow. Gorbachev proposes major reform of state institutions, including competitive elections for a new legislature |
September. Andrei Gromyko resigns from the post of Chairman of Praesidium of Supreme Soviet, replaced by Gorbachev |
7 December. Gorbachev addresses the UN General Assembly with a speech in which he announces the deideologization of Soviet foreign policy, proposes the renunciation of the use of force in international relations and confirms respect for the right of each people to freely chose their political system |
1989
February. The Soviet government announces the completion of the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan |
May. Bush in his first presidential speech on the Soviet Union pledges to move beyond containment |
Gorbachevs visit to the Peoples Republic of China first Sino-Soviet summit in 30 years |
June. Election in Poland becomes a political triumph for Solidarity |
AugustSeptember. Massive exodus of East Germans after the opening of the Hungarian border |
October. Gorbachev comes to the GDR for the celebration of its 40th anniversary |
9 November. The Berlin Wall comes down |
December. Gorbachev meets Bush at the seasick summit in Malta |
Vclav Havel is elected the new President of Czechoslovakia |
Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife are executed by a firing squad after a hasty trial |
1990
February. American, Soviet, British and French foreign ministers during a meeting in Ottawa agree on a 2 + 4 formula of negotiations to solve the problem of German reunification |
March. In elections East German voters back the pro-unification party allied with Helmut Kohl |
MayJune. BushGorbachev summit in Washington and at Camp David |
July. Kohl comes to Moscow and is invited by Gorbachev to his native region in the North Caucasus, where the two leaders finalize the agreement on the reunification of Germany and the future Germanys affiliation to NATO. |
August. Iraqi troops invade Kuwait. Baker and Shevardnadze issue a joint condemnation of the invasion |
September. BushGorbachev meeting in Helsinki to discuss the Persian Gulf |
October. East and West Germany unite |
Gorbachev is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize |
November. Paris Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe adopts the Charter of a New Europe. NATO and Warsaw Pact leaders sign a Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe |
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