Steven J. Crum - Road On Which We Came: A History of the Western Shoshone

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title	:	The Road On Which We Came = : Po'i Pentun Tammen Kimmappeh : a History of the Western Shoshone
author	:	Crum, Steven J.
publisher	:	University of Utah Press
isbn10 | asin	:	0874805090
print isbn13	:	9780874805093
ebook isbn13	:	9780585127972
language	:	English
subject	Shoshoni Indians--History, Shoshoni Indians--Social life and customs, Shoshoni Indians--Government relations, Great Basin--History.
publication date	:	1994
lcc	:	E99.S4C78 1994eb
ddc	:	973/.04974
subject	:	Shoshoni Indians--History, Shoshoni Indians--Social life and customs, Shoshoni Indians--Government relations, Great Basin--History.

Page ii Po'i Pentun Tammen Kimmappeh The Road on Which We Came A History of the Western Shoshone Steven J. Crum University of Utah Press Salt Lake City

Page iv 1994 by the University of Utah Press All rights reserved Printed on acid-free paper LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Crum, Steven J. (Steven James), 1950 The road on which we came Po'i pentun tammen kimmappeh: a history of the western Shoshone / Steven J. Crum. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-87480-434-5 (alk. paper) 1. Shoshoni IndiansHistory. 2. Shoshoni IndiansSocial life and customs. 3. Shoshoni IndiansGovernment relations. 4. Great BasinHistory. I. Title. II. Title: Po'i pentun tammen kimmappeh. E99. S4C78 1994 973'. 04974dc20 93-39441

Page v Contents Maps vi Preface vii 1. The Native Way of Life 1 2. Warfare and Adjustment: The Western Shoshone and the Americans, 1848-1880 17 3. The Western Shoshone Reservation (Duck Valley), 1880-1933 43 4. The Nonreservation Shoshone, 1880-1933 59 5. The Western Shoshone and the New Deal, 1933-1941 85 6. From the New Deal to Termination, 1941-1960 119 7. Recent Western Shoshone History, 1960-1990 149 Epilogue 185 Notes 189 Bibliography 223 Index 233

Page vi Maps Aboriginal Western Shoshone Territory 3 Duck Valley Indian Reservation 45 Lands Allocated for Western Shoshone (1910-1931) 61 Western Shoshone Reservations and Colonies 87 Present Land Base of the Western Shoshone 151

Page vii Preface This history of the Western Shoshone people of the Great Basin is the result of fourteen years of research, an undertaking begun in 1978 when I was a graduate student in history at the University of Utah. My doctoral dissertation, which focused upon the impact of the New Deal on the Basin Shoshones, reflected an early phase of my deep interest in tribal history. Upon completing the dissertation in 1983, I kept alive the idea of writing a comprehensive history of the Western Shoshone. This study represents the culmination of that drive. In writing this general history of the Western Shoshone people of the Great Basin, I was influenced by recent scholarship in western American history. I was deeply affected by Patricia Limerick's Legacy of Conquest (1984). She accurately points out that historians have too often portrayed Indians as "passive," relegating them to the role of "supporting actors." Limerick refutes this old frame of reference by showing that tribal people for centuries have been an active force in shaping their history, even after European contact. She writes that Indians played an "active role... in shaping history" and notes that they also represent the "power of cultural persistence,'' since they have sought to preserve their cultural heritage.1 I was also moved by two other works. One of these is Todd Benson's 1991 article, "The Consequence of Reservation Life: Native Californians on the Round Valley Reservation, 1871-1884."2 He too concludes that Indians have actively shaped their own history. Benson provides ample evidence that the tribes that settled on the Round Valley Reservation in northern California determined their own course of action to varying degrees, despite their subjection to the paternalistic policies of the federal government. The second work is Robert Berkhofer's "Cultural Pluralism versus Ethnocentrism in the New Indian History" (1987). Berkhofer maintains that historians must place the "Indian actors in the forefront of

Page viii the action."3 These three authors, along with others, believe that the academic community needs to adopt a new approach to Indian history.

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