Jerry Gafio Watts - Heroism and the Black Intellectual: Ralph Ellison, Politics, and Afro-American Intellectual Life

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HEROISM AND THE BLACK INTELLECTUAL RALPH ELLISON, POLITICS, AND AFRO-AMERICAN INTELLECTUAL LIFE BY JERRY GAFIO WATTS the university of north carolina press chapel hill & london

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title	:	Heroism and the Black Intellectual : Ralph Ellison, Politics, and Afro-American Intellectual Life
author	:	Watts, Jerry Gafio.
publisher	:	University of North Carolina Press
isbn10 | asin	:	0807821640
print isbn13	:	9780807821640
ebook isbn13	:	9780807866238
language	:	English
subject	Ellison, Ralph--Political and social views, Politics and literature--United States--History--20th century, African Americans--Politics and government, African Americans--Intellectual life, African Americans in literature, Courage in literature, Heroes in
publication date	:	1994
lcc	:	PS3555.L625Z95 1994eb
ddc	:	818/.5409
subject	:	Ellison, Ralph--Political and social views, Politics and literature--United States--History--20th century, African Americans--Politics and government, African Americans--Intellectual life, African Americans in literature, Courage in literature, Heroes in

Page iv 1994 The University of North Carolina Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Design by April Leidig-Higgins Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Watts, Jerry Gafio. Heroism and the black intellectual: Ralph Ellison, politics, and AfroAmerican intellectual life /Jerry Gafio Watts. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8078-2164-0 (cloth : alk. paper). ISBN 0-8078-4477-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Ellison, RalphPolitical and social views. 2. Politics and literatureUnited States-History-20th century. 3. Afro-AmericansPolitics and government. 4. Afro-AmericansIntellectual life. 5. Afro-Americans in literature. 6. Courage in literature. 7. Heroes in literature. 8. Race in literature. I. Title. PS3555.L625Z95 1994 94-5724 818'.5409dc20 CIP Permission to reproduce selected material can be found on p. 157. 98 97 96 95 94 5 4 3 2 1

FOR MARIE AND CHIEF, MY BELOVED PARENTS

Page vii CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix INTRODUCTION 3 ESCAPING THE GHOST OF HAROLD CRUSE 3 THEORIZING THE BLACK INTELLECTUAL CONUNDRUM 14 1 A CELEBRATED ARTIST AND VISIBLE MAN 25 THE BIOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND 33 EMERGING WITHIN AND WITHOUT THE LEFT 40 2 RECONCEPTUALIZING THE AFRO-AMERICAN CONDITION 53 THE EMERGENCE OF A BLUES ONTOLOGY 53 3 THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE BLACK WRITER 65 4 HEROISM: AN ARTISTIC ANTIDOTE TO RACISM 99 NOTES 121 BIBLIOGRAPHY 147 INDEX 155

Page ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS No author is an island. I am no exception. In writing this book I have benefited from the help of many persons. Yet, my intellectual style is exceptionally solitary. Except for those scholars of Ellison who preceded me in print, no single person or group of persons has had an identifiably singular influence on the shape of this work. These reflections on Ralph Ellison first took form as a long chapter in a very long dissertation. As a student of American politics, I was fortu-

Page x nate to attend graduate school at Yale during the late 1970s. The Yale political science department allowed me, an Americanist, to study something other than public policy analysis or voting behavior tabulations. I would like to thank Stanley Greenberg, Juan Linz, David Apter, James Scott, Doug Rae, Robert Lane, and the late Philip White for their support during my graduate school years. Professor David Apter, my dissertation chairman, deserves special mention. My interests in Afro-American intellectuals began early in my life. When I was in the first grade, my mother returned to college to complete her B.A. I remember her periodically reciting to the family statements made in class by her sociology professor, E. Franklin Frazier. My father was equally proud of the faculty of Howard University. By the time I was in the fourth grade, I knew about Charles Drew, Benjamin Mays, William Hastie, Frank Snowden, W Montague Cobb, Rayford Logan, Ralph Bunche, Charles Houston, John Hope Franklin, and other noteworthy past and present faculty of that institution. I had no idea what these men actually contributed to the world, but I knew, for instance, that Rayford Logan had graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Williams and that Hastie had done likewise at Amherst. Looking back, I am amazed that I could recite so many facts about individual Afro-American intellectual achievers and yet understand so little. While I generally believed that achieving Phi Beta Kappa meant that one was smart, I did not understand its significance or, for that matter, the significance of Amherst College. Yet, at this very early moment, I was told by my parents that I too could attend one of those "dream colleges" like Bowdoin or Swarthmore provided that I did well in school. I received good grades in school. My parents kept their promise. In the fall of 1971 I entered Harvard College.

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