David Commins - Historical Dictionary of Syria

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title	:	Historical Dictionary of Syria Asian Historical Dictionaries ; No. 22
author	:	Commins, David Dean.
publisher	:	Scarecrow Press
isbn10 | asin	:	0810831767
print isbn13	:	9780810831766
ebook isbn13	:	9780585226293
language	:	English
subject	Syria--History--Dictionaries.
publication date	:	1996
lcc	:	DS94.9.C66 1996eb
ddc	:	956.91/003
subject	:	Syria--History--Dictionaries.

Page ii Asian Historical Dictionaries Edited by Jon Woronoff 1. Vietnam, by William J. Duiker. 1989 2. Bangladesh, by Craig Baxter and Syedur Rahman, second edition. 1996 3. Pakistan, by Shahid Javed Burki. 1991 4. Jordan, by Peter Gubser. 1991 5. Afghanistan, by Ludwig W. Adamec. 1991 6. Laos, by Martin Stuart-Fox and Mary Kooyman. 1992 7. Singapore, by K. Mulliner and Lian The-Mulliner. 1991 8. Israel, by Bernard Reich. 1992 9. Indonesia, by Robert Cribb. 1992 10. Hong Kong and Macau, by Elfed Vaughan Roberts, Sum Ngai Ling, and Peter Bradshaw. 1992 11. Korea, by Andrew C. Nahm. 1993 12. Taiwan, by John F. Copper. 1993 13. Malaysia, by Amarjit Kaur. 1993 14. Saudi Arabia, by J. E. Peterson. 1993 15. Myanmar, by Jan Becka. 1995 16. Iran, by John H. Lorentz. 1995 17. Yemen, by Robert D. Burrowes. 1995 18. Thailand, by May Kyi Win and Harold Smith. 1995 19. Mongolia, by Alan J. K. Sanders. 1996 20. India, by Surjit Mansingh. 1996 21. Gulf Arab States, by Malcolm C. Peck. 1996 22. Syria, by David Commins. 1996

Page iii Historical Dictionary of Syria David Commins Asian Historical Dictionaries, No. 22

Page iv SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. 4720 Boston Way Lanham, Maryland 20706 4 Pleydell Gardens, Folkestone Kent CT20 2DN, England Copyright 1996 by David Commins All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Cataloguing-in-Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Commins, David Dean. Historical dictionary of Syria / David Commins. p. cm.Asian historical dictionaries; no. 22) Includes bibliographical references (p. ). 1. SyriaHistoryDictionaries. I. Title. II. Series. DS94.9.C66 1996 956.91'003dc20 96-12372 CIP ISBN 0-8108-3176-7 (cloth: alk.paper) The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Manufactured in the United States of America.

Page v For Marcia Zakeeya

Page vii Content Editor's Foreword Jon Woronoff ix Acknowledgments xi Note on Spelling xiii Acronyms xv Maps xvi Chronology xix Introduction 1 The Dictionary 15 Bibliography 231 About the Author 300

Page ix Editor's Foreword Syria is located in one of the most strategic areas of the Middle East, a situation from which successive countries and peoples of the region have both benefited and suffered. Recently, its locale has been a definite asset. Syria's role has been crucial in determining Lebanon's future and in influencing the outcome of the Gulf War and will be vital in unraveling the Arab-Israeli conflict and sustaining the peace process. This role is sometimes less evident than that of other Middle Eastern states because Syria's leader is quieter, indeed, more secretive than his peers. But his action is often more decisive given the strong and enduring hold on power of Hafiz al-Asad. Under these conditions, this series would remain very incomplete without a solid Historical Dictionary of Syria, which I am now pleased to present. It provides us with substantial information on Syria's location and population, economy and politics, religion and culture. It covers the history not only of the present-day state but its predecessors over the centuries. This is done through numerous entries on significant persons, places, events, and institutions. This long history is also summed up in a brief chronology. And further information can be located through a broad and selective bibliography.

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