Christopher C. Joyner - Eagle Over the Ice: The U.S. in the Antarctic
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United States--Foreign relations--Antarctica, Antarctica--International Status, Antarctica--Discovery and exploration--American.
publication date
:
1997
lcc
:
KWX467.U55J69 1997eb
ddc
:
341.2/9
subject
:
United States--Foreign relations--Antarctica, Antarctica--International Status, Antarctica--Discovery and exploration--American.
Page iii
Eagle Over the Ice
The U.S. in the Antarctic
Christopher C. Joyner and Ethel R. Theis
Page iv
University Press of New England, Hanover, NH 03755
1997 by University Press of New England
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America 5 4 3 2 1
CIP data appear at the end of the book
Page v
For Nancy, Kristin, Clayton and Walter
Page vii
Contents
Preface
ix
List of Acronyms
xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1
Chapter 2 The Antarctic Setting
10
Chapter 3 The Antarctic Treaty
20
Chapter 4 Making U.S. Antarctic Policy
45
Chapter 5 Freedom of Scientific Research
78
Chapter 6 Environmental Interests
100
Chapter 7 Geostrategic Interests
133
Chapter 8 Ideological Interests and Ecopolitics
161
Conclusion
188
Appendixes
195
A. The Antarctic Treaty
197
B. Interview Questions
203
C. Government and Nongovernment Officials Interviewed for this Study
204
D. Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings
205
E. Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties and Acceding States
206
F. List of Selected Congressional Hearings/Reports on Antarctic Issues 19391994
208
G. U.S. Antarctic Program Funding
210
Notes
212
Selected Bibliography
274
Index
297
Page ix
Preface
Antarctica is the frozen continent. It is the only continent without native human inhabitants or states, and the only continent whose mineral and hydrocarbon resources remain essentially unexplored and untapped. The superabundant living marine resources in the circumpolar Antarctic seas are practically untouched. Today, on the eve of the twenty-first century, in an era of wondrous planetary probes, subatomic investigations and achievements in telecommunications, Antarctica remains a vast pristine wilderness that is used almost exclusively for scientific research.
Though Antarctica is the coldest, direst, highest, most desolate, and least hospitable of the continents, human activities have become increasingly evident there during the last half-century. Since 1970, major changes have occurred in how Antarctica is perceived, used, and governed by the international community. The future may witness even more changes, particularly in terms of environmental conservation and resource management. Antarctica thus has become the focus of growing international attention, not only from those states with the economic wherewithal to conduct scientific research there, but also from developing countries, international organizations, and environmental interest groups. While these players have done much to influence the course of recent Antarctic events, the most prominent actor on the Antarctic scene throughout this century has remained the same; namely, the United States.
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