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Ralph Bangs - Race and Social Problems

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Book:
Race and Social Problems
Author:
Ralph Bangs / Larry E Davis
Publisher:
Springer-Verlag New York
Genre:
Books / Politics
Year:
2016
City:
New York
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Part I
Introduction

Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015

Ralph Bangs and Larry E. Davis (eds.) Race and Social Problems 10.1007/978-1-4939-0863-9_1

1. Americas Racial Realities

Ralph Bangs 1

(1)

Center on Race and Social Problems, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA

Ralph Bangs (Corresponding author)

Email:

Larry E. Davis

Email:

Introduction

There is no doubt that America was a racist society in the past. Whites enslaved Blacks from the early 1600s to the 1860s. Jim Crow laws were used for another 100 years to oppress Blacks. Violence against Blacks was widespread until at least the mid-1900s. Whites took the land and other property of Native Americans over several centuries, Mexicans in the early 1800s, and Japanese Americans during World War II. Major government programs from the 1930s through the 1950s, such as social security, unemployment insurance, low-cost loans for new suburban housing, and college aid for GIs, benefitted Whites but largely excluded non-Whites (Katznelson ).

There is also no doubt that racial progress has been made. Today, slavery and racial discrimination are no longer legal. Explicit racist statements are usually not acceptable in public. Lynchings, race riots, mob attacks, and other forms of racial violence have been stopped or greatly reduced. Civil rights laws and government programs helped to expand the middle class among non-Whites. A Black person has been elected president of the United States.

Many White Americans have interpreted this progress to mean that racial disparities and racial discrimination have been eliminated (Bonilla-Silva ).

Besides some improvement in racial conditions, another major trend is the rapidly growing minority population. The nation was 12 % minority in 1940, 17 % in 1970, and 37 % in 2012. By 2043 minorities are expected to be the majority population (U.S. Census Bureau ).

Given the great differences in views about racial conditions and given the growing minority population, the Center on Race and Social Problems at the University of Pittsburgh held a national conference in 2010 to examine racial problems, causes, and solutions. Many of the nations experts gave presentations and about 1,200 people participated in discussions on racial issues. This Handbook contains updated information for 16 of the presentations at the conference.

This chapter provides an overview to the current state of race in America. First we identify racial disparities in six fundamental areas (health, family structure, residential segregation, economics, education, and criminal justice) for the four largest racial/ethnic groups (Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians, where data are available). Second, we discuss major explanations for the continuing pervasiveness of racial disparities. This chapter ends with a description of the substantive chapters in this book.

Current Racial Disparities

Health

Large racial disparities exist in health conditions. For people born in 2010, life expectancy is 86.5 years for Asian Americans, 82.8 for Latinos, 78.9 for Whites, and 74.6 for Blacks (Kaiser Family Foundation ) found that Asian females born in the United States in 2001 had a life expectancy that was 20.7 years longer than Black males living in counties with a large number of Blacks and high homicide rates.

In addition, the infant mortality rate in 2009 was 12.4 per 1,000 live births for Blacks, 5.3 for Whites, 5.3 for Hispanics, and 4.4 for Asians (CDC ).

Health disparities are caused by: (1) social factors, especially low education, racial segregation, low social support, and poverty (Galea et al. ). Health disparities lead to shorter and poorer quality lives, less employment and income, and lower education levels.

Family Structure

Large racial differences in family structure exist in America. In 2013, 85 % of Asian, 77 % of White, 65 % of Hispanic, and 39 % of Black children age 017 lived with two parents. Further, 51 % of Black, 28 % of Hispanic, 15 % of White, and 11 % of Asian children lived with their mother only (U.S. Census Bureau ). Family structure can be greatly affected by job opportunities, incarceration, and education.

Family structure is important because it can have large effects on poverty and child development. Only 13 % of children living with two parents are in poverty compared to 45 % of children in single-mother families (U.S. Census Bureau ).

Residential Segregation

The dissimilarity index has often been used to measure residential segregation. The index represents the percent of each racial group that would have to move so that each census track or block has the same percentage of a group as the whole city or metro area. A measure of 60 or more is considered highly segregated.

The Black-White dissimilarity index for the United States declined from 64 in 2000 to 59 in 2010 (Logan and Stults ).

Another valuable measure is to compare the racial composition of the typical neighborhood for one race to that races share of the US population. The Brookings Institution (Frey ) found that in 20052009 the typical White person lived in a census tract (5,00010,000 people) that was 79 % White, the typical Black person lived in a tract that was 46 % Black, and the typical Hispanic lived in a tract that was 45 % Hispanic. In 2010 the US population was 64 % White, 12 % Black, and 16 % Hispanic.

The problem is not just racial segregation in housing. Rather, this segregation for Blacks is accompanied by poverty concentration and the economic, criminal, and educational problems that come with it. Racial segregation is caused by discriminatory housing practices, income disparities, and unfriendly and exclusionary treatment of minorities by police and community residents.

Economics

Large differences in economic conditions by race and ethnicity continue to exist. Some of the current disparities are:

The labor force participation rate for men in 2012 was 74 % for Hispanics, 71 % for Asians, 67 % for Whites, and 62 % for Blacks (USBLS )
The unemployment rate in 2013 was 13 % for Blacks, 9 % for Hispanics, and 7 % for Whites (EPI )
The underemployment)
Annual household income in 2012 was $68,636 for Asians, $57,009 for Whites, $39,005 for Hispanics, and $33,321 for Blacks (Fry )
Black male earnings for ages 1864 declined from 52 % of White male earnings in 1980 to 28 % in 2008 (Pettit )
Poverty rates in 2012 were 26 % for Blacks, 23 % for Hispanics, 12 % for Whites, and 12 % for Asians (Macartney et al. )
65 % of Black, 65 % of Hispanic, 32 % of Asian, and 31 % of White children live in low-income families (<200 % of poverty)
66 % of Black and 6 % of White children grow up in neighborhoods with 20 % or more poverty (Sharkey )
The share of workers earning poverty wages in 2011 was 43 % for Hispanics, 36 % for Blacks, and 23 % for Whites (EPI )
Homeownership rates in 2011 were 74 % for Whites, 58 % for Asians, 47 % for Hispanics, and 45 % for Blacks (McArdel et al. )
Median household net worth in 2011 was $100,500 for Whites, $89,339 for Asians, $7,683 for Hispanics, and $6,314 for Blacks (Ishimatsu )
Among single women age 1864 in 2007, Whites had median wealth of $41,500, Hispanics had $120, and Blacks had $100, and roughly 50 % of Black and Hispanic women had zero or negative net worth (Insight Center for Community Economic Development )

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