All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Pantheon Books, a division of Penguin Random House LLC, New York, and distributed in Canada by Random House of Canada, a division of Penguin Random House Ltd., Toronto. Originally published in Great Britain by Macmillan, an imprint of Pan Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, London, in 2014.
Pantheon Books and colophon are registered trademarks of Penguin Random House LLC.
Grateful acknowledgment is made for permission to reprint lyrics from Dont Lets Be Beastly to the Germans by Nol Coward, copyright 1943 by NC Aventales AG. Reprinted by permission of Alan Brodie Representation Ltd. and Bloomsbury Methuen Drama, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
1946 : the making of the modern world / Victor Sebestyen.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-1-101-87042-6 (hardcover : alk. paper). ISBN 978-1-101-87043-3 (eBook).
1. World politics19451955. 2. Nineteen forty-six, A.D. I. Title.
Cover images: (middle) The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images; (bottom, left to right) The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images, AFP/ITAR-TASS/Getty Images
Illustrations
Jafar Pishevari, leader of the rebel Peoples Government of Azerbaijan ( Illustrated London News Ltd / Mary Evans)
Stalin: the personality cult that portrayed him as a man of strength and vigour ( Getty Images / Bridgeman Art Library)
Churchill: the Iron Curtain speech ( Popperfoto / Getty Images)
People queue for food in the ruins of Hamburg ( Getty Images)
Stunde Null Zero Hour: the ruins of Berlin ( The LIFE Picture Collection / Getty Images)
The Red Army on the march ( Paul Popper / Popperfoto / Getty Images)
The May Day parade ( The LIFE Picture Collection / Getty Images)
The two main pillars of Britains post-war Labour government: Clement Attlee and Ernest Bevin ( Getty Images)
Austerity Britain: a woman collecting her loaves with her ration card ( SSPL / Getty Images)
Fiorello LaGuardia, former Mayor of New York: for much of 1946, head of UNRRA ( United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of Saul Sorrin)
An UNRRA camp for Jewish survivors of the Holocaust ( United Nations Archives, 97/0345, Photo No. 1062)
America came out of the war as the worlds mightiest power, militarily, as symbolised by this USAAF bomber ( Getty Images)
General Douglas MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito ( AFP / Getty Images)
Tokyo: people queue to collect their cigarette ration ( The LIFE Picture Collection / Getty Images)
MacArthur returns to Manila ( Getty Images)
The Bikini Atoll bomb: the Atomic Age ( SuperStock)
General George Marshall and Zhou Enlai ( Gamma-Keystone / Getty Images)
Mao Zedong ( Underwood Photo Archives / SuperStock)
General Marshall with Chiang Kai-shek and his wife, Mei-ling ( The LIFE Picture Collection / Getty Images)
Poverty and starvation in China ( Image Asset Management Ltd. / SuperStock)
Jawaharlal Nehru and Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi ( The LIFE Picture Collection / Getty Images)
Mohammed Ali Jinnah ( AFP / Getty Images)
Communist partisans in Athens during the Greek Civil War ( Getty Images)
Greek partisans line up for battle ( Heritage Images / Getty Images)
Marshal Josef Broz Tito ( Getty Images)
Pro-Tito graffiti in Yugoslavia ( The LIFE Picture Collection / Getty Images)
David Ben Gurion ( Mary Evans / Epic / Tallandier) and Menachem Begin ( Getty Images)
The King David Hotel in Jerusalem after it was blown up by the Irgun ( The LIFE Picture Collection / Getty Images)
Some rare good news in gloom-laden Britain, mid-1946 ( The LIFE Picture Collection / Getty Images)
A postcard to mark the first anniversary of the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp ( Interfoto / Friedrich / Mary Evans)
Introduction
As a journalist, I have covered events ranging from the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the former Soviet Union to the cycle of violence and counter-violence in the Middle East over the existence of Israel and Palestine. Throughout, America has dominated as the worlds superpower. During many visits to India I have seen a desperately poor country, once stuck in the past, transform itself into a vibrant society, looking to the future, while China, still run by people calling themselves communists, moved from permanent revolution to a form of rampant capitalism. When, as an historian, I tried to trace the roots of all these events and stories I found myself returning always to one reference point: 1946.
This was the year that laid the foundations of the modern world. It was the start of the Cold War, of a global fragmentation along ideological lines, and of Europe being split on either side of an Iron Curtain. Israel would not come into being for two years, but 1946 was the year the decisions were made to create a Jewish homeland, with consequences that have remained so fateful since. It was the year independent India was born as the worlds most populous democracy, that old Britain as a great imperial power began to die. All the old European empires were fading, though imperialism has lived on in a different non-dynastic form. It was the year the Chinese communists launched their final push for victory in a civil war that led to the re-emergence of China as a great power. With this book I hope to show how decisions made in 1946 have shaped the world we live in today.