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Terborgh - Requiem for Nature

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Terborgh Requiem for Nature
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For ecologist John Terborgh, Manu National Park in the rainforest of Peru is a second home; he has spent half of each of the past twenty-five years there conducting research. Like all parks, Manu is assumed to provide inviolate protection to nature. Yet even there, in one of the most remote corners of the planet, Terborgh has been witness to the relentless onslaught of civilization. Seeing the steady destruction of irreplaceable habitat has been a startling and disturbing experience for Terborgh, one that has raised urgent questions: Is enough being done to protect nature? Are current conservation efforts succeeding? What could be done differently? What should be done differently? In Requiem for Nature, he offers brutally honest answers to those difficult questions, and appraises the prospects for the future of tropical conservation. His book is a clarion call for anyone who cares about the quality of the natural world we will leave our children. Terborgh examines current conservation strategies and considers the shortcomings of parks and protected areas both from ecological and institutional perspectives. He explains how seemingly pristine environments can gradually degrade, and describes the difficult social context -a debilitating combination of poverty, corruption, abuses of power, political instability, and a frenzied scramble for quick riches -in which tropical conservation must take place. He considers the significant challenges facing existing parks and examines problems inherent in alternative approaches, such as ecotourism, the exploitation of nontimber forest products, sustainable use, and sustainable development.Throughout, Terborgh argues that the greatest challenges of conservation are not scientific, but are social, economic, and political, and that success will require simultaneous progress on all fronts. He makes a compelling case that nature can be saved, but only if good science and strong institutions can be thoughtfully combined.

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Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My thinking about many topics has been - photo 1
Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My thinking about many topics has been sharpened and focused through conversations with friends and colleagues. Among these, I am particularly indebted to Donald Brightsmith, Lisa Davenport, Deborah Lawrence, Carlos Peres, Laura Snook, Thomas Struhsaker, Carel van Schaik, and Douglas Yu. All read and commented on parts of the manuscript. Lisa Davenport and Douglas Yu each read the entire manuscript, parts of it more than once, and offered many constructive suggestions.

I might never have embarked on this undertaking were it not for the wonderful boosts I received as a Pew Conservation Scholar and as a MacArthur Fellow. The support accompanying these two honors carried me through a long funding drought and kept my spirits strong when otherwise I might have lost heart.

Both the first and second drafts of the manuscript were written at my tropical hideaway in Pers Manu National Park. The Manu is truly my second home, and for the privilege of being able to spend several months each year in the Garden of Eden, I am everlastingly grateful to the parks administration and to the Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA), Perus central authority for national parks.

My editor, Laurie Burnham of Shearwater Books, had the insight to see when I was off track and to point me in more productive directions. Such astute editors have been rare in my experience, and I remain both impressed and grateful.

Finally, I warmly thank my long-suffering assistant, Marty Jarrell, who has to put up with the idiosyncrasies of a harried boss who abandons her to solitude for five months a year while he immerses himself in tropical nature.


J. T.
Cocha Cashu Biological Station

NOTES
Chapter 2

A hectare is equivalent to 2.47 acres.

B. Drayton and R. B. Primack, Plant Species Lost in an Isolated Conservation Area in Metropolitan Boston from 1894 to 1993, Conservation Biology 10 (1996): 30-39; C. K. Yoon, Plant Census Raises the Alarm and Leads to Restoration Effort, New York Times, February 13, 1996, p. C4.

P. G. Crawshaw and H. B. Quigley, Jaguar Spacing, Activity, and Habitat Use in a Seasonally Flooded Environment in Brazil, Journal of the Zoological Society of London 223 (1991): 357-370.

J. Diamond, Playing Dice with Megadeath, Discover, April 1990, pp. 55-59; D. W Steadman, Prehistoric Extinctions of Pacific Island Birds: Biodiversity Meets Zooarchaeology, Science 267 (1995): 1123-1130.

Rockefeller Foundation, High Stakes: The United States, Global Population, and Our Common Future (New York: Rockefeller Foundation, 1997).

IUCN and WCMC (World Conservation Union and World Conservation Monitoring Centre), Protected Areas of the World: A Review of Natural Systems (Cambridge, England: IUCN and WCMC, 1992).

A. P. Dobson, A. D. Bradshaw, and A. J. M. Baker, Hopes for the Future: Restoration Ecology and Conservation Biology, Science 277 (1997): 515-522.

J. Terborgh and C. P. van Schaik, Minimizing Species Loss: The Imperative of Protection, in Last Stand: Protected Areas and the Defense of Tropical Biodiversity, ed. R. Kramer, C. P. van Schaik, and J. Johnson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 15-35.

M. McRae, Road Kill in Cameroon, Natural History 106, no. 2 (1997): 36-75; J. E. Fa, J. Juste, J. Perez del Val, and J. Castroviejo, Impact of Market Hunting on Mammal Species in Equatorial Guinea, Conservation Biology 9 (1995): 1107-1115.

High Hopes Fade in Congo, Economist, July 12, 1997, pp. 39-40.

An African for Africa, Time, September 1, 1997, pp. 36-40.

C. E. G. Tutin and M. Fernandes, Nationwide Census of Gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla) and Chimpanzee (Pan t. troglodytes) Populations in Gabon, American Journal of Primatology 6 (1984): 313-336.

H. W French, An African Forest Harbors Vast Wealth and Peril, New York Times, April 3, 1996, p. A3; IUCN and WWF (World Conservation Union and World Wide Fund for Nature), Transnational Loggers Threaten Africas Forests, Arborvitae: The IUCN/WWF Forest Conservation Newsletter 4 (1996): 12.

Chapter 3

J. Terborgh, J. W Fitzpatrick, and L. Emmons, Annotated Checklist of Bird and Mammal Species of Cocha Cashu Biological Station, Manu National Park, Per, Fieldiana: Zoology, n.s., no. 21 (1984): 1-29.

V Pacheco et al., List of Mammal Species Known to Occur in Manu Biosphere Reserve, Per, Publicaciones del Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, ser. a, 44 (1993): 1-12.

L. B. Rodriguez and J. E. Cadle, A Preliminary Overview of the Herpetofauna of Cocha Cashu, Manu National Park, Per, in Four Neotropical Rainforests, ed. A. H. Gentry (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1990), pp. 410-425.

R. B. Foster, The Floristic Composition of the Rio Manu Floodplain Forest, in Gentry, Four Neotropical Rainforests, pp. 99111.

D. E. Wilson and A. Sandoval, eds., Manu: The Biodiversity of Southeastern Per (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997).

Ibid.

J. M. Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: Norton, 1997).

Population Reference Bureau, 1996 World Population Data Sheet (Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau, 1996).

Chapter 4

J. G. Robinson and K. H. Redford, Neotropical Wildlife Use and Conservation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); M. Alvard and H. Kaplan, Procurement Technology and Prey Mortality among Indigenous Neotropical Hunters, in Human Predators and Prey Mortality, ed. M. Stiner (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991).

Chapter 5

Factfile, People and the Planet 5, no. 4 (1996): 12; IUCN Forest Conservation Programme, Forest Conservation Programme Newsletter 9 (1991): 5.

P. G. Crawshaw and H. B. Quigley, Jaguar Spacing, Activity, and Habitat Use in a Seasonally Flooded Environment in Brazil, Journal of the Zoological Society of London 223 (1991): 357-370.

Eduardo Alvarez, personal communication, 1997.

Christof Schenk, personal communication, 1996.

R. Barbault and S. D. Sastrapradja, coords., Generation, Maintenance, and Loss of Biodiversity, in Global Biodiversity Assessment, ed. V H. Heywood (Cambridge, England: United Nations Environment Programme, 1995), pp. 193-274.

C. A. Peres and J. W Terborgh, Amazonian Nature Reserves: An Analysis of the Defensibility Status of Existing Conservation Units and Design Criteria for the Future, Conservation Biology 9 (1995): 34-46.

E. Dinerstein and E. D. Wileramanayake, Beyond Hotspots: How to Prioritize Investments to Conserve Biodiversity in the Indo-Pacific Region, Conservation Biology 7 (1993): 53-65.

Peres and Terborgh, Amazonian Nature Reserves.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Forests Cleared in Guatemalan Park, Oryx 26 (1992): 197.

P. Mercer, Colombias National Parks Are in a Losing Battle for Survival, New York Times, March 28, 1995, p. B11.

World Resources Institute, World Resources 19901991 (Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute, 1990).

D. W Yu, T. Hendrickson, and A. Castillo, Ecotourism and Conservation in Amazonian Peru: Short-Term and Long-Term Challenges, Environmental Conservation 24 (1997): 130-138.

IUCN and WWF (World Conservation Union and World Wide Fund for Nature), Liberia: The Plunder Continues, Arborvitae: The IUCN/ WWF Forest Conservation Newsletter, August 1997, p. 15.

J. Randal, Evacuation of Relief Workers Worsens Liberias Woes, Washington Post, April 14, 1996, p. A24.

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