Martin Gus - The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Second Edition

SECOND EDITION

The SAGE Encyclopedia of

TERRORISM

SECOND EDITION

EDITOR

GUS MARTIN

California State University, Dominguez Hills

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Copyright 2012 by SAGE Publications, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

The content in this second edition has been updated to include additional references and to reflect events as of May 2011. In most cases, the updates were provided by someone other than the original author.

Printed in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The SAGE encyclopedia of terrorism, second edition / edited by Gus Martin.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4129-8016-6 (cloth)

1. TerrorismEncyclopedias. 2. TerrorismUnited StatesEncyclopedias. I. Martin, Gus.

HV6431.S225 2011

363.32503dc222011009896

11 12 13 14 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Entries

Counterterrorism

Culture and Ideology of Terrorism

Economics, Politics, and the Law

Events

Groups

Individuals

Types and Methods of Terrorism

Regional Categories

Africa: Eastern, Central, and Southern

Africa: Northern

Americas: Central and South America

Americas: North America

Asia: East and Southeast

Asia: South and Central

Europe

Middle East: Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf States

Middle East: The Levant

C. Augustus Gus Martin is Associate Vice President for Faculty Affairs at California State University, Dominguez Hills, where he regularly teaches a course on the subject of terrorism and extremism. He has also served as chair of the Department of Public Administration and Public Policy. He began his academic career as a member of the faculty of the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh, where he was an Administration of Justice professor. His current research and professional interests are terrorism and extremism, administration of justice, juvenile justice, and fair housing.

He is author of several books on the subject of terrorism, including Terrorism and Homeland Security (SAGE, 2011), Essentials of Terrorism: Concepts and Controversies (SAGE, 2011), Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues (SAGE, 2010), and The New Era of Terrorism: Selected Readings (SAGE, 2004). He has served as a panelist for university and community symposia on the subjects of administration of justice, terrorism, and fair housing. He has also been a consultant to governmental and private agencies.

Prior to joining academia, he served as managing attorney for the Fair Housing Partnership of Greater Pittsburgh, where he was also director of a program created under a federal consent decree to desegregate public and assisted housing. He was also Special Counsel to the Attorney General of the U.S. Virgin Islands on the island of St. Thomas. As Special Counsel he provided personal and confidential service in the central office of the Department of Justice; sat as a hearing officer for disciplinary hearings and departmental grievances; served as chair of the drug policy committee; served as a liaison to the intergovernmental Law Enforcement Coordinating Committee as well as to the Narcotics Strike Force; and provided daily legal and policy advice to the Attorney General. Prior to serving as Special Counsel, he was a floor Legislative Assistant to Congressman Charles B. Rangel of New York. As Legislative Assistant, he researched, evaluated, and drafted legislation in the areas of foreign policy, foreign aid, human rights, housing, education, social services and poverty; he also drafted House floor statements, Congressional Record inserts, press releases, and news articles; and he composed speeches, briefing materials, and legislative correspondence.

Joseph Almog
The Hebrew University

Tim Anderson
Independent Author/Scholar

Bader Araj
University of Toronto

Randy Blazak
Portland State University

Randy Borum
University of South Florida

Jarret Brachman
North Dakota State University

Kristian Brown
University of Ulster

Robert J. Brym
University of Toronto

Ikaweba Bunting
California State University, Long Beach

Brian Burton
Center for a New Economic Security

David B. Cook
Rice University

Stuart Croft
University of Warwick

Nancy Egan
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York

Steven Emerson
The Investigative Project on Terrorism

Kathryn Farr
Portland State University

Hall Gardner
American University of Paris

David Glazier
Loyola Law School, Los Angeles

Rohan Gunaratna
Nanyang Technological University

Dipak Gupta
California State University, San Diego

Mohammed Hafez
Naval Postgraduate School

Phil Hirschkorn
CNN

Jennifer Holmes
University of Texas, Dallas

Richard Horowitz
Attorney-at-Law

Brian Jackson
RAND Corporation

Bill Jensen
Independent Author/Scholar

Larry C. Johnson
Business Exposure Reduction Group

Maria Kiriakova
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York

Harvey Kushner
Long Island University

Najib Lafraie
University of Otago

Laura Lambert
Independent Author/Scholar

Genevieve Lennon