Empire and Post-Empire Telecommunications in India
Empire and Post-Empire Telecommunications in India
A History
Pradip Ninan Thomas
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For my dear aunt Molly Zachariah, remembering my uncle Sam Zachariah, and for Sajit, Sanjay, Chitra, Maya, Sammy, and Ethan. You guys are so very special.
Thank you.
Contents
While there probably are archives in India that have material on the history of telecommunications in India, the bulk of data gathered that informs the first three chapters in this volume is from archives in London and Oxford, including the British Museums India Office Records, the London Metropolitan Archives, the National Archives at Kew, the British Telecom Archives, and the Bodleian at Oxford that hosts the Marconi archives. I am also appreciative of access to the University of Queenslands library and, in particular, to the Parliamentary Papers Online, which is a rich trove of material on the era of the Empire. I am grateful to the many librarians and library administrators who helped me and were unfailingly generous with their time and patience. Archival work was carried out through most of July 2016 when I was on a sabbaticaland I acknowledge the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, the School of Communication and Arts, and the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, for granting me the time away to gather this information.
AIR | All India Radio |
AT&T | American Telephone and Telegraph Company |
BBC | British Broadcasting Corporation |
BBNL | Bharat Broadband Network Limited |
BE | Bharat Electronics |
BI | British India Steam Navigation Company |
BJP | Bharatiya Janata Party |
BPO | business process outsourcing |
BSNL | Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited |
BTEF | Bharatiya Telecom Employees Federation |
C-DAC | Centre for Development of Advanced Computing |
C-DOT | Centre for Development of Telematics |
CAG | Comptroller and Auditor-General |
CBI | Central Bureau of Investigation |
CDMA | code division multiple access |
CDRs | call detail records |
CIS | Centre for Internet and Society |
CMS | Central Monitoring System |
COAI | Cellular Operator Association of India |
CrPC | Criminal Procedure Code |
CSA | Central and South American |
DDoS | distributed denial of service |
DoE | Department of Electronics |
DoT | Department of Telecommunications |
EATC | Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies |
ECIL | Electronics Corporation of India Limited |
EIC | East India Company |
EIG | EuropeIndia Gateway |
EIJTC | European and Indian Junction Telegraph Company |
EITC | Electric and International Telegraph Company |
ETC | Eastern Telegraph Company |
FDI | foreign direct investment |
FERA | Foreign Exchange Regulation Act |
FICCI | Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry |
FNTO | Federation of National Telecom Organisations |
FOSS | free and open-source software |
FYP | Five-Year Plan |
Gbps | gigabit per second |
GDP | gross domestic product |
GFI | Global Financial Integrity |
GHz | gigahertz |
GoI | Government of India |
GPO | General Post Office |
GPRS | General Packet Radio Service |
GSM | Global System for Mobile |
HMG | Her Majestys Government |
I-ME-WE | IndiaMiddle EastWestern Europe |
IANA | Internet Assigned Numbers Authority |
ICANN | Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers |
ICERT | Indian Computer Emergency Response Team |
IETC | Indo-European Telegraph Company |
IETD | Indo-European Telegraph Department |
ILDO | International Long Distance Operator |
IMF | International Monetary Fund |
IRTC | Indian Radio Telegraph Company |
ISBC | Indian State Broadcasting Corporation |
IT&T | International Telephone and Telegraph Company |
ITeU | International Telegraph Union |
ITI | Indian Telephone Industries |
ITU | International Telecommunication Union |
IWTC | Imperial Wireless Telegraphy Committee |
MIT | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
MMS | Multimedia Messaging Service |
MTNL | Mahanagar Telecom Nigam Limited |
NASA | National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
NASSCOM | National Association of Software and Services Companies |
NCoG | National Centre of Geo-Informatics |
NDA | National Democratic Alliance |
NETRA | Network Traffic Analysis |
NFON | National Fibre Optic Network |
NFTE | National Federation of Telecom Employees |
NGOs | non-governmental organizations |
NIC | National Informatics Centre |
OTT | over-the-top |
P&T | Post and Telegraphs Department |