Thomas R. Gottschang - Swallows and Settlers: The Great Migration from North China to Manchuria

SWALLOWS AND SETTLERS

SWALLOWS AND SETTLERS

The Great Migration from North China to Manchuria

Thomas R. Gottschang and Diana Lary

CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES

THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

ANN ARBOR

Open access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities/Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program.

MICHIGAN MONOGRAPHS IN CHINESE STUDIES

ISSN 1081-9053

SERIES ESTABLISHED 1968

VOLUME 87

First Edition 1995

Published by

Center for Chinese Studies

The University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104-1608

2000 The Regents of the University of Michigan

The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Libraries and Archives ANSI/NISO/ Z39.481992.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Gottschang, Thomas R.

Swallows and settlers : the great migration from north China to

Manchuria / Thomas R. Gottschang and Diana Lary.

p. cm.

(Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies, ISSN 1081-9053)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-89264-134-7

1. Migrant laborChinaManchuria. 2. Migration, InternalChinaManchuria. 3. ChinaEconomic conditions1912-1949.1. Title: Great migration from north China to Manchuria. II. Lary, Diana. III. Title. IV. Series.

HD5856.C5 G672000

331.54409518 dc2199-086273

CIP

ISBN 978-0-89264-134-5 (hardcover)
ISBN 978-0-472-03822-0 (paper)
ISBN 978-0-472-12779-5 (ebook)
ISBN 978-0-472-90175-3 (open access)

The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

This book is dedicated to Ho Lian (Franklin Ho) and Owen Lattimore, pioneers in our field.

Contents

Tables

Figures

Maps

Map 1 North China and Manchuria: major railways and cities.

We generally follow Chinas official romanization system, Hanyu pinyin. Exceptions occur for people from Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and other places that use the Wade-Giles system. We have spelled peoples names the way they spell them in their own publications, including Chiang Kai-shek, who is Jiang Jieshi in pinyin. Quotations from works published in Western languages retain the romanizations used in the originals, which in some cases differ from both pinyin and Wade-Giles. A few places, like Manchuria, are familiar to readers in the English language by names that are not related to the current Chinese names; in these cases we have retained the more familiar names.

Most of the important places mentioned in this study are widely known by more than one name. We have, therefore, listed below the different names for prominent places that we encountered in the course of our research.

Manchuria is known in Chinese as either the Three Eastern Provinces (Dongsansheng) or the Northeast (Dongbei), the standard term used in China today. Manchuria is the most common term in international English language usage (e.g., the Manchurian Incident) and no longer carries the imperialist flavor that it acquired when Japanese forces created the puppet state of Manchukuo (Manzhouguo, Manchoukuo) in 1932. Manchuria also has a looser meaning, which obviates the need to change the terminology for the period of the Japanese occupation or for boundary changes that have occurred since 1949.

Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang, the three provinces of Manchuria, have taken several different forms and names over the years. During the Republican period Liaoning was usually called Fengtien, but it was also known as Shengjing (Sheng-ching, Sheng-king) and Liaodong (Liao-tung). It encompassed much of present-day Jilin (Kirin) Province, while Jilin incorporated much of the territory of todays Heilongjiang Province.

Yingkou, the first treaty port in Liaoning, was widely known in Western languages as Newchwang (Niuzhuang), which was in fact a town inland of the port where the Customs station was officially located.