Ralph Buehler - Cycling for Sustainable Cities

1. John Pucher and Ralph Buehler
2. Ralph Buehler and John Pucher
3. Jan Garrard, Chris Rissel, Adrian Bauman, and Billie Giles-Corti
4. Rune Elvik
5. Peter G. Furth
6. Ralph Buehler, Eva Heinen, and Kazuki Nakamura
7. Eva Heinen and Susan Handy
8. Bert van Wee
9. Christopher R. Cherry and Elliot Fishman
10. Elliot Fishman and Susan Shaheen
11. Jan Garrard
12. Noreen McDonald, Eleftheria Kontou, and Susan Handy
13. Jan Garrard, Jennifer Conroy, Meghan Winters, John Pucher, and Chris Rissel
14. Karel Martens, Aaron Golub, and Andrea Hamre
15. John Pucher, Geetam Tiwari, Zhong-Ren Peng, Rong Cao, and Yuan Gao
16. Carlosfelipe Pardo and Daniel A. Rodriguez, with Lina Marcela Quiones
17. John Pucher, John Parkin, and Emmanuel de Lanversin
18. Till Koglin, Marco te Brmmelstroet, and Bert van Wee
19. Roger Geller and Ricardo Marqus
20. John Pucher, Bernhard Ensink, Tim Blumenthal, Bill Nesper, Ken McLeod, Andy Clarke, Jean-Franois Pronovost, Dave Snyder, Robin Stallings, Fiona Campbell, and Peter Bourke
21. Ralph Buehler and John Pucher

List of Figures

Increasing bicycle mode shares of trips in large cities of western Europe, North America, South America, and Australia, 19902017. Note: The timespan for the data varies by city, as shown in parentheses after each citys name. Sources: Based on travel surveys conducted for each city.

Bicycling share of daily trips in Europe, North America, Australia, and Japan for 20082017. Note: The latest available travel surveys were used for each country, with the survey year noted in parentheses after each country name. The modal shares shown in the figure reflect travel for all trip purposes except for those countries marked with an asterisk (*), which report only journeys to work, derived from their censuses. Differences in data collection methods, timing, and variable definitions across countries and over time limit the comparability of the modal shares shown in the figure. Data for Japan report the average modal share for 70 large cities. Sources: Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018); Austrian Ministry of Transport (2017); Buehler et al. (2017); German Ministry of Transport (2018); Danish Ministry of Transport (2017); Department for Transport (2017); Japanese Ministry of Transport (2016); Netherlands Ministry of Transport (2017); Statistics Canada (2018); USDOC (2018); USDOT (2018).

Bicycling share of daily trips or work commuters in selected cities in Japan, India, China, Australia, and the Americas for 2016. Note: Except for Australia, the population and bicycle share numbers refer only to the political boundaries of the central government jurisdiction, not the metro area. For Australia, both population and bicycle share numbers are based not on political boundaries but rather on the area within 10 km of the central point of the metro area. This was necessary because of the extreme variation in the percentage of central government jurisdictions within metropolitan areas in Australia. For all countries, differences in data collection methods, timing, geographic boundaries, and variable definition across cities and over time limit comparability. Sources: Data for Australia, India, and Canada are derived from their 2011 and 2016 censuses because they do not have national travel surveys. Data for the United States are based on the American Community Survey (USDOC 2018). Data for Japan and South America are based on travel surveys in each individual city. The census data refer to the bicycling share of daily work commuters. Travel survey data refer to the bicycling percentage of total daily trips (for all purposes).

, all bicycling mode shares shown here refer to the percentage of daily trips made by bike. Nevertheless, differences in data collection methods, timing, geographic boundaries, and variable definitions across cities and over time limit comparability of the bicycling mode shares shown. Sources: Data collected directly from city travel surveys, national statistical offices, and the European Commission.

Bicycling share of trips made by women in the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States, Canada, Austria, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Japan for 20152017 (as a percentage of all bike trips). Sources: Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018); Austrian Ministry of Transport (2017); German Ministry of Transport (2018); Danish Ministry of Transport (2017); Department for Transport (2017); Japanese Ministry of Transport (2016); Netherlands Ministry of Transport (2017); Statistics Canada (2018); USDOC (2018); USDOT (2018).

Bicycling share of trips within each age group in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands for 20152017 (as a percentage of trips by all modes). Sources: German Ministry of Transport (2018); Danish Ministry of Transport (2017); Department for Transport (2017); Japanese Ministry of Transport (2016); Netherlands Ministry of Transport (2017); USDOC (2018); USDOT (2018).

Trend in cyclist fatality rates per 100,000 people for 19902018, five-year annual averages relative to the 19901994 average (=100%). Note: To control for annual fluctuations, five-year averages were used for cyclist fatalities per capita. Source: Calculated by the authors based on data provided by ITF/OECD (2020).

Cyclist fatality rates per 100 million km cycled for 20142016. Note: To control for annual fluctuations, three-year averages were used for cyclist fatalities. Trips and kilometers for cycling exposure levels were derived from the latest national travel survey data for each country.