William Muraskin - Polio Eradication and Its Discontents: A Historian’s Journey Through an International Public Health (Un)Civil War

Polio Eradication and Its Discontents

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New Perspectives in South Asian History 2

The New Perspectives in South Asian History series publishes monographs and other writings on early modern, modern and contemporary history. The volumes in the series cover new ground across a broad spectrum of subjects such as cultural, environmental, medical, military and political history, and the histories of 'marginalised' groups. It includes fresh perspectives on more familiar fields as well as interdisciplinary and original work from all parts of South Asia. It welcomes historical contributions from sociology, anthropology and cultural studies.

Series Editors

SANJOY BHATTACHARYA Director, Centre for Global Health Histories, and Professor in the History of Medicine, Department of History, University of York, UK

NIELS BRIMNES Associate Professor, Department of History and Area Studies, Aarhus University, Denmark

Editorial Advisory Committee

Cristiana Bastos Professor, Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal

Rajib Dasgupta Associate Professor, Centre of Social Medicine and Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India

Amarjit Kaur Professor of Economic History, University of New England, Australia

Gyanesh Kudaisya Associate Professor, South Asian Studies Programme, National University of Singapore

Erez Manela Professor, Department of History, Harvard University, USA

Polio Eradication and Its Discontents

A Historians Journey Through an International
Public Health (Un)Civil War

WILLIAM MURASKIN

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First Published 2012

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Introduction

T his book could not have been written without the aid of countless people who generously shared their time and experience helping me understand the history and development of the polio eradication campaign over the last thirty years. There are simply too many to name them all but I especially want to thank:

Jon Andrus, deputy director of the Pan American Health Organization; Bruce Aylward, coordinator, Global Polio Eradication, WHO; Brent Burkholder, director of the Global Immunisation Division, CDC; Joel Calmet, director, Public Policy, Sanofi Pasteur; Stephen Cochi, former director of the Global Immunisation Division, CDC; Jon Cohn, science reporter; Konstantin Chumakov, associate director for research, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Federal Drug Administration (FDA); Felicity Cutts, formerly of the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; Ciro de Quadros, former director of the Division of Vaccines and Immunisation, PAHO; Vance Dietz, chief, Strengthening Immunisation Systems Branch, CDC; Walter Dowdle, former deputy director of the American CDC, and now director of the Task Force for Global Health's Polio Eradication Program (funded by the Gates Foundation); Peter Evans, formerly UNICEF Supply; Andrew Hall, professor, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; D. A. Henderson, former director of the World Health Organization's Global Smallpox Eradication Campaign; Alan Hinman, formerly director of the Immunisation Division, CDC; Olen Kew, Chief of the Molecular Virology Section of the Division of Viral Diseases, CDC; Marc La Force, Gates Foundation; Steve Landry, Gates Foundation; Bjorn Melgaard, former head of immunisation programs, WHO; Neal Nathanson, associate Dean, Global Health Programs, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center; David Salisbury, head of the SAGE of WHO; Ellyn Ogden, Worldwide Polio Eradication Coordinator/Senior Technical Advisor for Health and Child Survival, USAID; Walter Orenstein, Gates Foundation, formerly director, National Immunisation Program, CDC; Mark Pallansch, chief of the Enterovirus Section in the National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC; Stanley Plotkin, formerly associate chairman of the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania; Alan Schnur, WPRO; Jaime Sepulveda, director of Special Initiatives in Global Health in the Global Health Program of the Gates Foundation; Richard Skolnik, formerly with the World Bank; Robert Steinglass, BASICS; Philippe Stoeckel, chairman of the Board of Agence de Medecine Preventive.

I want to give an extra thanks to Joel Calmette who was willing to fund the research for this project through an NGO, thus giving up any control over the work and the resulting book. It was an act of great bravery and generosity without which the study would never have been done.

I also want to thank Leonard Rodberg and Community Studies of New York for administrating the grant.

In addition, I want to give an extra thanks to Robert Steinglass who over a number of years has freely shared his deep knowledge of international health with me and who allowed me access to his invaluable collection of polio documents.

Lastly, I want to thank Sanjoy Bhattacharya whose enthusiasm has made it possible for this study to have been speedily changed from a manuscript into a published book available to anyone who has an interest in polio eradication.