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Naomi Rogers - Dirt and disease: polio before FDR

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Will have an enthusiastic audience among historians of medicine who are familiar, for the most part, only with later twentieth-century efforts to combat polio. --Allan M. Brandt, University of North Carolina Dirt and Disease is a social, cultural, and medical history of the polio epidemic in the United States. Naomi Rogers focuses on the early years from 1900 to 1920, and continues the story to the present. She explores how scientists, physicians, patients, and their families explained the appearance and spread of polio and how they tried to cope with it. Rogers frames this study of polio within a set of larger questions about health and disease in twentieth-century American culture. In the early decades of this century, scientists sought to understand the nature of polio. They found that it was caused by a virus, and that it could often be diagnosed by analyzing spinal fluid. Although scientific information about polio was understood and accepted, it was not always definitive. This knowledge coexisted with traditional notions about disease and medicine. Polio struck wealthy and middle-class children as well as the poor. But experts and public health officials nonetheless blamed polio on a filthy urban environment, bad hygiene, and poverty. This allowed them to hold slum-dwelling immigrants responsible, and to believe that sanitary education and quarantines could lessen the spread of the disease. Even when experts acknowledged that polio struck the middle-class and native-born as well as immigrants, they tried to explain this away by blaming the fly for the spread of polio. Flies could land indiscriminately on the rich and the poor. In the 1930s, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt helped to recast the image of polio and to remove its stigma. No one could ignore the cross-spread of the disease. By the 1950s, the public was looking to science for prevention and therapy. But Rogers reminds us that the recent history of polio was more than the history of successful vaccines. She points to competing therapies, research tangents, and people who died from early vaccine trials. Naomi Rogers is an assistant professor of history at the University of Alabama.

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title Dirt and Disease Polio Before FDR Health and Medicine in American - photo 1

title:Dirt and Disease : Polio Before FDR Health and Medicine in American Society
author:Rogers, Naomi.
publisher:Rutgers University Press
isbn10 | asin:0813517869
print isbn13:9780813517865
ebook isbn13:9780585031170
language:English
subjectPoliomyelitis--United States--History, Poliomyelitis--history--United States.
publication date:1992
lcc:RA644.P9R64 1992eb
ddc:614.5/49/0973
subject:Poliomyelitis--United States--History, Poliomyelitis--history--United States.
HEALTH AND MEDICINE
IN AMERICAN SOCIETY
series editors
Judith Walzer Leavitt
Morris Vogel
DIRT AND DISEASE
Polio before FDR
Naomi Rogers
RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS
NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY
Second paperback printing, 1996
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rogers, Naomi, 1958
Dirt and disease : polio before FDR / Naomi Rogers.
p. cm.-(Health and medicine in American society)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8135-1785-0 (cloth)-ISBN 0-8135-1786-9 (pbk.)
1. Poliomyelitis-United States-History. I. Title. II. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Poliomyelitis-history-United States. WC 555 R728d]
RA644.POR64 1990
614.5'49'0973-dc20
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress Picture 2Picture 3Picture 4Picture 591-32642
Picture 6Picture 7Picture 8Picture 9Picture 10Picture 11Picture 12CIP
British Cataloging-in-Publication information available
Copyright 1992 by Naomi Rogers
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
For my mother, June Factor, my grandmother, Mary Factor, and
in memory of my grandfather, Saul Factor
Contents
Acknowledgments
ix
Introduction
1
ONE
Garden of Germs: Polio in the United States, 1900-1920
9
TWO
This Dread Spectre: Polio and the New Public Health
30
THREE
The Promise of Science: Polio and the Laboratory
72
FOUR
Written in Haste: Polio and the Public
106
Picture 13
FIVE
A Humble and Contrite Frame of Mind: Polio and Epidemiology
138
Epilogue Polio Since FDR
165
Notes
191
Bibliographic Essay
241
Index
249
Page ix
Acknowledgments
My interest in polio was first stirred by I Can Jump Puddles (1955), the autobiography of Alan Marshall, who, as a boy in the Australian bush, had his legs paralyzed by polio in the early 1900s. His unsentimental story of overcoming tremendous obstacles made me think about human resilience and the relations between disease and society. My study dwells more on the social response to polio epidemics than it does on individual experience, but it cannot be understood without acknowledging the strength and determination of the victims of polio and their families.
Researching this work was aided by many archivists and reference librarians. I am grateful to the staffs of the Van Pelt Library of the University of Pennsylvania; the Philadelphia City Archives; the Municipal Archives of New York City; the New York Public Library and its Annex in New York City; the New York Academy of Medicine in New York City; the Rockefeller Archive Center in Tarrytown, New York; the New York State Archives in Albany, New York; the New Jersey State Archives and Library in Trenton, New Jersey; and the libraries of Brown University and the University of Alabama. I am grateful for the special efforts of Beth Carroll-Horrocks of the Manuscripts Room at the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia; and the staffs at the Reading Room and the Historical Collections at the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, especially Jean Carr and Tom Horrocks.
Page x
The structure and approach of this study owes much to my graduate advisor, Charles Rosenberg. He taught me to value the thoughts and experiences of both doctors and patients, and his commitment to scholarship has been an example to me. Michael Katz gave me encouragement throughout my graduate training and helped me remember the broad social and political context of polio in America. Various seminars and academic meetings have sharpened my thoughts on the history of medicine and disease, in particular the Francis C. Wood Institute for the History of Medicine in Philadelphia; the American Association for the History of Medicine annual meetings; the Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research at Rutgers University; the Brown University History seminars; and the Alabama History of Medicine and Science Group.
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