Haksar - Gandhi and Liberalism: Satyagraha and the Conquest of Evil

First published 2018

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2018 Vinit Haksar

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Earlier versions of the following chapters have appeared before as follows:

Chapter One Violence in a Spirit of Love: Gandhi and the Limits of Non-Violence, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy , 15(3): 303324, 2012, www.tandfonline.com. Reproduced and modified with permission.

Appendix to Chapter One Ideals of Perfection, in J. Skorupski (ed.), Routledge Companion to Ethics , Chapter 55, pp. 656665 (London: Routledge, 2010). Used and modified with permission.

Chapter Two Necessary Evil: Justification, Excuse or Pardon?, Criminal Law and Philosophy , 5(3): 333347, 2011. Reproduced and modified with permission.

Chapter Three Religious Groups and Indian Secularism, in V. Haksar (ed.), Rights, Communities and Disobedience , Chapter 4 (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001). Reproduced and modified with permission of Oxford University Press India Oxford University Press 2001.

Appendix to Chapter Three Gandhi and the Public Ethic, Gandhi Marg , pp. 129135, 1974. Used and modified with permission.

Chapter Four Rawls and Gandhi on Civil Disobedience, Section 1, Inquiry , 19(2): 151192, 1976. Used and modified with permission.

Chapter Five Rawls and Gandhi on Civil Disobedience, Section 2, Inquiry , 19(2): 151192 and Coercive Proposals, Political Theory , 4(1): 6579, 1976. Used and modified with permission.

Chapter Six The Right to Civil Disobedience, Osgoode Hall Law Journal , University of Toronto, 41(3): 407426, 2003.

Chapter Seven Postscript, in D. Allen (ed.), The Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi for the Twenty-First Century , pp. 8098 (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008). Copyright 2008. Used and modified by permission of Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. All rights reserved.

I would like to thank the publishers of these articles and Oxford University Press, New Delhi, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, and Routledge for allowing me to revise material initially published by them. I have made some substantial additions to some of the earlier versions, especially . Some stylistic changes have been made across all chapters in this book to the notes and references for the sake of consistency.

An earlier version of was delivered as the N. K. Sen Memorial Lecture at the Department of Philosophy, University of Delhi, March 2010.

I would like to thank the following for very helpful suggestions: Richard Sorabji, Gurpreet Mahajan and A. Raghuramaraju, who all read earlier versions of several chapters of this book. James Tully made valuable comments on . I would also like to thank Deepa Nag Haksar for encouraging my interest in Tagore, Rohan Haksar for introducing me to Maulana Azads Commentary on the First Chapter of the Quran , Mukul Kesavan for stressing the importance of Orwells essay on Gandhi, Kiran Haksar, Andre Beteille, Rajmohan Gandhi and an anonymous assessor for Routledge India for encouraging me with the book. Finally, I would like to thank Priyam Mathur for doing some of the laborious copyediting.

In this concluding chapter we shall further examine the basis of Gandhian civil disobedience and non-cooperation. Is it rights based or is it duty based or is it justified in terms of consequences? Or is it a mixture of some of these? We shall also discuss how far Gandhis views are scientific and how far they are a matter of faith.