Daniel Barron - Reading Our Minds

The Rise of Big Data Psychiatry

Daniel Barron

Support for this book was provided in part by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the Foundation.

Reading Our Minds:

The Rise of Big Data Psychiatry

Copyright 2021 by Daniel Barron

All rights reserved

Published by Columbia Global Reports

91 Claremont Avenue, Suite 515

New York, NY 10027

globalreports.columbia.edu

facebook.com/columbiaglobalreports

@columbiaGR

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Barron, Daniel (Psychiatrist), author.

Title: Reading Our Minds: The Rise of Big Data Psychiatry / Daniel Barron.

Description: New York : Columbia Global Reports, [2021] | Includes bibliographical references.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020058016 (print) | LCCN 2020058017 (ebook) ISBN 9781734420784 (paperback) | ISBN 9781734420791 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Psychiatry. | Mental illness--Diagnosis.

Classification: LCC RC435 .B37 2021 (print) | LCC RC435 (ebook) | DDC 616.89/075--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020058016

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020058017

Book design by Strick&Williams

Map design by Jeffrey L. Ward

Author photograph by Daniel Berman

Printed in the United States of America

For Irene and her mother

Chapter One
Online Behavior: Search History and Social Media

Chapter Two
Passive Data: Accelerometer, Geolocation, Call Logs

Chapter Three
Conversational Data: What We Say and How We Say It

Chapter Four
Stress Tests for the Brain

Chapter Five
Diagnosis: Turning Data into Action

Chapter Six
Platforms: Gathering and Making Sense of Data

Its one oclock and a seventeen-year-old girl named Irene is sitting beside me in an exam room. Irene is wearing a teal crew neck sweater and cerise corduroys; her brunette hair calmly rests just below her shoulders. She sits with impeccable postureback straight, hands on her thighs, face calm and expressionless, staring at the wall in front of us. Irenes mother brought her to the hospital because she was having a psychosis episode.

Since we just met, its not yet clear whether Irene is psychotic. But as the admitting physician, its my job to find out. To do this, well discuss her clinical history and perform a mental status exam.

The mental status exam is a bedrock tool of a psychiatric assessment. It includes my observations of Irenes body language, speech, and expression in combination with her answers to specific questions about symptoms: what I see and hear paired with Irenes self-report.

Irene and I walk into an adjoining room to speak privately.

So, can you help me understand whats going on? I ask.

Over the last few months, its been harder and harder for me to concentrate, she begins. Her face remains expressionless; her eyes dont meet mine. I wonder if she is ignoring me or perhaps hallucinating, but she replies to my questions politely and quickly. Perhaps she is depressed or simply shy. She doesnt seem autistic.

She sleeps more and has lost interest in doing essentially everything. Instead she lies in bed all day. She broke up with her boyfriendwhom she tells me she previously lovedbecause, well, I was no longer interested.

Do you ever hear or see things that may not be there? Hear voices or see shadows? I ask. I remind myself to find a better way to ask if someone is hallucinating.

Oh, no, she says politely with a reserved shake of her head.

I move on to my standard series of screening questions for schizophrenia, depression, mania, OCD, trauma, and suicidebits Ive memorized from the DSM-5s diagnostic criteria. As we speak, I keep a mental tally of whether what shes telling me fits into one of these diagnostic bins. It doesnt. She doesnt use drugs, has no family history of mental illness, has always done well in school.

I shine a light in Irenes eyes to make sure her pupils constrictfirst the left side, then the right. I ask Irene to follow my finger with her eyes as I trace an H in front of her head and check that the muscles in her face can smile, frown, bare her teeth, squint, and so on. I test the strength, sensation, and reflexes in her arms and legs. I listen to her heart, lungs, and belly. Nothing seems amiss. Her blood pressure, heart rate, and electrocardiogram are equally normal. Throughout our conversation, Irene is more than calm and cooperative; she is graceful.

We return to speak with Irenes mother who tells me that, for the last year or two, Irene has been having psychosis episodes. Each episode, her mother describes with consternation, lasts two to three weeks; the episodes begin and end without rhyme or reason. During these times, she doesnt sleep but rather just lies in bed, has a warped sense of time, barely eats, and has full conversations with herself that can last an hour. The mother suggests that Irene laughs inappropriately, when no ones around or nothing seems funny.

I do not, Mom! Irene protests, breaking character by leaning forward over her legs with an unrestrained giggle. We fall silent: Her giggle is out of place during a psychiatric hospital admission.

Her mother describes Irenes shifting online obsessions: Spotify (Irene felt Spotify was creating playlists to send her messages), astrology (Irenes IP address was blocked from an astrology website for clicking too many pages per hour), and Urban Dictionary (she spends all day reading street slang looking for secret messages in the definitions).

Throughout our conversations, Im carefully observing Irene: how she sits, whether she moves or taps her foot, where she looks. I consider the types of words she uses and whether her ideas flow one to another. I notice how her facial expression and voice parallel our conversational topicis she sad when we speak about something sad? These all factor into my mental status exam.

I return to my workroom and, with the help of my electronic medical records template, enter my mental status exam for Irene:

Appearance: Neat/Clean

Behavior/Attitude: Cooperative, calm

Motor Activity: Hypoactive except, taps her right foot

Gait/Station: Normal

Speech: Normal rate, rhythm, volume, and tone

Mood: OK (this is how Irene described her mood)

Affect: Blunted affect. Laughing and lightheartedness, which were inappropriate for the context of our conversation.

Relatedness: Poor

Thought Process: Normal

Delusions: None

Suicidal Ideation: Denies

Suicidal Intentions: Denies

Suicidal Plan: Denies

Homicidal Ideation: Denies

Homicidal Intentions: Denies

Homicidal Plans: Denies

Perceptual Disturbances: Denies auditory and visual hallucinations

If my mental status exam seems subjective to you, I agree. But this is a standard mental status exam, so standard that to document it, I clicked a series of seventeen boxes within Irenes digital note, most simply a normal-or-no reply.