Vladislav M. Zubok - Collapse: The Fall of the Soviet Union

COLLAPSE

Copyright 2021 Vladislav M. Zubok

All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press) without written permission from the publishers.

For information about this and other Yale University Press publications, please contact:

U.S. Office:

Europe Office:

Set in Minion Pro by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd

Printed in Great Britain by TJ Books, Padstow, Cornwall

Library of Congress Control Number: 2021941540

e-ISBN 978-0-300-26244-5

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To all reformers

CONTENTS

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES

MAPS

DRAMATIS PERSONAE

ABALKIN, Leonid (19302011): deputy head of the Soviet government, August 1989December 1990

ADAMISHIN, Anatoly (1934): Soviet ambassador to Italy, 199091

AFANASYEV, Yuri (19342015): deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR; a leader of Democratic Russia

AGANBEGYAN, Abel (1932): Soviet economist; architect of economic reforms in 198788 and SeptemberOctober 1990

AKHROMEYEV, Sergey (192391): Marshal of the Soviet Union; Gorbachevs military advisor, December 1988August 1991; member of the Emergency Committee, August 1991

BAKATIN, Vadim (1937): Minister of the Interior of the Soviet Union, October 1988December 1990; ran for the Russian presidency in 1991; the last head of the KGB, AugustDecember 1991

BAKLANOV, Oleg (1932): Party Secretary for Defense, 1988August 1991; member of the Emergency Committee, August 1991

BERNSTAM, Mikhail (1940): American economist; advisor to the RSFSR government, MarchDecember 1991

BESSMERTNYKH, Alexander (1933): Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union, JanuaryAugust 1991

BOCHAROV, Mikhail (19412020): head of the Higher Economic Council of the RSFSR government, June 1990September 1991

BOLDIN, Valery (19352006): Gorbachevs personal assistant, 198187; Gorbachevs chief of staff, 198791; member of the Emergency Committee, August 1991

BONNER, Yelena (19232011): dissident and wife of Andrei Sakharov; leading voice of the opposition and Democratic Russia

BRAITHWAITE, Rodric (1932): British ambassador to Moscow, 198892

BURBULIS, Gennady (1945): advisor to Yeltsin; organizer of Yeltsins presidential campaign, AprilJune 1991; State Secretary of the Russian government, JuneDecember 1991

CHERNYAEV, Anatoly (19212017): Gorbachevs aide for foreign policy, January 1986December 1991

FOKIN, Vitold (1932): Prime Minister of the Ukrainian Republic, November 1990December 1991

GAIDAR, Yegor (19562009): economist; author of program of market reforms for the RSFSR; deputy head of the Russian government, 15 November 1991December 1992

GERASHCHENKO, Viktor (1937): Chairman of the State Bank of the USSR, July 1989December 1991

IVANENKO, Viktor (1950): Major-General of the KGB; head of KGB RSFSR, 5 August26 November 1991; backed Yeltsin during the Emergency Committee rule in August 1991

KARIMOV, Islam (19382016): First Secretary of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan, 198991; elected by the Republics Supreme Soviet as President of Uzbekistan in November 1990

KEBICH, Vyacheslav (19362020): Prime Minister of Belorussia, then sovereign Belarus, 199094

KHASBULATOV, Ruslan (1942): Yeltsins deputy in the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, June 1990June 1991; head of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, June 1991October 1993

KORZHAKOV, Alexander (1950): personal bodyguard and then head of Yeltsins Presidential Security Service, 198996

KOZYREV, Andrei (1951): Foreign Minister of the RSFSR, October 1990December 1991

KRAVCHUK, Leonid (1934): Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine, July 1990December 1991; first President of independent Ukraine, December 199119 July 1994

KRUCHINA, Nikolai (192891): chief administrator for economic affairs, central Party apparatus, 198391

KRYUCHKOV, Vladimir (19242007): Chairman of the KGB, October 1988August 1991; ringleader of the Emergency Committee in August 1991

LANDSBERGIS, Vytautas (1932): head of Sajudis (the Reform Movement of Lithuania) and the Parliament of Lithuania, 1989August 1991

LIGACHEV, Yegor (19202021): Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, December 1983July 1990; Politburo member, April 1985July 1990

LUKIN, Vladimir (1937): Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR; head of its Committee on International Affairs, June 1990December 1991

LUKYANOV, Anatoly (19302019): Politburo member, September 1988July 1990; Speaker of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, March 1990August 1991; collaborated with the Emergency Committee in August 1991

MASLIUKOV, Yuri (19372010): top economic planner in the Soviet government, 1982November 1991; Chairman of Gosplan, 1988November 1991

MATLOCK, Jack (1929): US ambassador to the Soviet Union, 1987August 1991

MEDVEDEV, Vadim (1929): Politburo member, September 1988July 1990

MOISEYEV, Mikhail (1939): head of the General Staff of the USSR, December 1988August 1991; briefly Minister of Defense, August 1991

MURASHOV, Arkady (1957): Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR; organizer of Democratic Russia, January 1990September 1991

NAZARBAYEV, Nursultan (1940): Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR, FebruaryApril 1990; elected as President of Kazakhstan by the Republics Supreme Soviet, April 1990

PALAZHCHENKO, Pavel (1949): interpreter for Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze, July 1985December 1990; interpreter for Mikhail Gorbachev, December 1985December 1991

PANKIN, Boris (1931): Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union, AugustNovember 1991

PAVLOV, Valentin (19372003): Minister of Finance of the USSR, July 1989January 1991; head of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR, JanuaryAugust 1991; member of the Emergency Committee, August 1991

PETRAKOV, Nikolai (19372014): Gorbachevs economic advisor, December 1989December 1990; author of a program of radical market transition

POLOZKOV, Ivan (1935): head of the Russian Communist Party, June 1990August 1991

POPOV, Gavriil (1936): economist; organizer of Democratic Russia; head of the City Council and then Mayor of Moscow, June 1990December 1991

PRIMAKOV, Yevgeny (19292015): Gorbachevs advisor, March 1990August 1991; head of the KGBs First Directorate (foreign intelligence), SeptemberDecember 1991

PUGO, Boris (19371991): Minister of the Interior of the USSR, December 1990August 1991; member of the Emergency Committee; committed suicide after the failure of the junta

RUTSKOY, Alexander (1947): Major-General of Aviation, 1991; Vice-President of the RSFSR, June 1991October 1993

RYZHKOV, Nikolai (1929): Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, September 1985December 1990; architect of Gorbachevs early economic reforms

SABUROV, Yevgeny (19462009): Minister of the Economy of the RSFSR, 15 August15 November 1991

SAKHAROV, Andrei (192189): physicist, designer of nuclear weapons, dissident; winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, 1975; member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and opposition leader, MayDecember 1989

SAVISAAR, Edgar (1950): co-founder of the Popular Front of Estonia, July 1988; Prime Minister of Estonia, August 1991January 1992