Jorge E Hardoy - Environmental Problems in an Urbanizing World: Finding Solutions in Cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America

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First published in the UK and USA in 2001 by Earthscan Publications Ltd

Reprinted 2004, 2006

Moved to digital printing 2010

Copyright David Satterthwaite and Diana Mitlin, 2001

All rights reserved

ISBN: 978-1-85383-719-7

Typeset by MapSet Ltd, Gateshead, UK

Cover design by Susanne Harris

Cover photo Janet Jarman

For a full list of publications please contact:

Earthscan Ltd, Dunstan House, 14a St Cross Street, London EC1N 8XA, UK

Earthscan LLC, 1616 P Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA

Earthscan publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Development

For more information on Earthscan publications, see

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Hardoy, Jorge Enrique.

Environmental problems in an urbanizing world : finding solutions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America / Jorge E Hardoy, Diana Mitlin, and David Satterthwaite.

p. cm.

Rev. ed. Of: Environmental problems in Third World cities, 1992.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-85383-720-2 (hardback) ISBN 1-85383-719-9 (pbk.) ISBN 9-78113420-085-6 (ePub)

Environmental policy developing countries. 2. Developing countries Environmental conditions. 3. Cities and towns Developing countries. 4. Sustainable development Developing countries. I. Mitlin, Diana. II. Satterthwaite, David. III. Hardoy, Jorge Enrique. Environmental problems in third World cities. IV. Title.

GE190.D44.H37 2001

363.70091724dc21

2001018764

At Earthscan we strive to minimize our environmental impacts and carbon footprint through reducing waste, recycling and offsetting our CO2 emissions, including those created through publication of this book. For more details of our environmental policy, see www.earthscan.co.uk.

Printed and bound in the UK by

CPI Antony Rowe.

The paper used is FSC certified.

TABLES

FIGURES

BOXES

CBO	community-based organization
DANCED	Danish Cooperation for Environment and Development
DFID	Department for International Development
GDP	gross domestic product
IIED	International Institute for Environment and Development
NGO	non-governmental organization
OECD	Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OECF	Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund
OPEC	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
SDC	Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
Sida	Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
TB	Tuberculosis
UN	United Nations
UNCHS	United Nations Centre for Human Settlements
UNDP	United Nations Development Programme
UNEP	United Nations Environment Programme
UNICEF	United Nations (International) Childrens (Emergency) Fund
USAID	United States Agency for International Development
WHO	World Health Organization

---

In 1999 this became part of the Japan Bank for International Cooperation.

This volume is a revised, updated and somewhat expanded edition of our 1992 Earthscan book Environmental Problems in Third World Cities. It ended up being rather more revised and expanded than we originally conceived because of the wealth of new material that has been published since the first edition. I fear that I must take the blame for any errors or omissions in that I took primary responsibility for the new edition. Diana Mitlin was on leave from the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), working with the South African NGO The Peoples Dialogue on Land and Shelter during the period when this new edition was produced, although she still had a very active role, rewriting and updating certain sections and commenting on my draft revisions for other sections.

For those people who knew Jorge E Hardoy and who also know that he died in 1993, it may be surprising to see a book published in 2001 in which he is a co-author. The text of this edition is much changed from the original that he wrote with Diana Mitlin and me. The title of the book which in the first edition was called Environmental Problems in Third World Cities has also been changed. With the demise of the Second World (the term used for the Soviet bloc), so the term Third World has become less used. But the books structure and its main themes and conclusions have not changed much, and so many of the key insights for the first edition came from Jorge Hardoy that it seemed inappropriate to drop him from the list of authors. It is also difficult for me to disentangle the relative contributions of Jorge from those of Diana and myself. Even if I could, much of my own contribution would come from what I learnt working with Jorge from 1978 until 1993. While I have been very fortunate in having had the opportunity to work with many remarkable people and this book draws on their knowledge and insights it is from Jorge Hardoy that I learnt most. It was also from him that I learnt the joy of working in partnerships with researchers and activists from around the world.

Since the research programme within which I work (set up by Jorge Hardoy in 1977) has always been based on partnerships between my institute and other individuals or institutions, this book is also a synthesis of what has been learnt from these partnerships. Working in partnerships means collective learning and it is difficult to remember from where (or from whom) many of the key ideas represented in the text of this book came. This book draws on the work we have undertaken with a great range of individuals and institutions over the last 20 years and although we try to reference all the sources from which we draw, this does not do justice to our partners.

Our partners tend to fall into one of three groups. The first consists of those who work in NGOs with a direct engagement with low-income groups, and Chapters 6 and 9 draw much on their work. Special mention should be made of Jorge Anzorena (SELAVIP), Joel Bolnick and other friends at the Peoples Dialogue for Land and Shelter, Shack Dwellers International and the South African Homeless Peoples Federation, Somsook Boonyabancha and other friends within the Asian Coalition for Housing Rights, Ana Hardoy and other friends at IIED-Amrica Latina, Arif Hasan and staff at the Orangi Pilot Project, and Sheela Patel and other friends at SPARC and the National Slum Dwellers Federation in India.

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