Published by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Transferred to Digital Printing 2010
1994 Benjamin R. Beede
All rights reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The War of 1898, and U.S. interventions, 18981934 : an encyclopedia / Benjamin
R. Beede, editor.
p. cm. (Military history of the United States ; v. 2)
(Garland reference library of the humanities ; vol. 933)
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 0-8240-5624-8
1. United StatesHistory, Military20th centuryEncyclopedias.
2. Spanish-American War, 1898United StatesEncyclopedias.
I. Beede, Benjamin R. II. Series: Garland reference library of the humanities ;
vol. 933. III. Series: Garland reference library of the humanities. Military
history of the United States ; v. 2.
E74S.W37 1994
973.8903dc20 93-49579
CIP
Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent.
Acknowledgments
My primary debt is, of course, to the many people who agreed to write entries for the encyclopedia. Some of the contributors also provided valuable comments on the project and suggested additional contributors. A number of specialists who could not write entries because of insufficient time, being located away from research facilities, or changing research interests gave me highly useful advice on the book and its organization or leads on recruiting other contributors.
Professor John Offner gave me much advice on entries to be included. Several noncontributors educated me through correspondence, especially about the more controversial topics covered. Professor James L. Abrahamson (Campbell University) offered significant comments on military and naval coverage of the Spanish-Cuban/American War. Professor Alice R. Wexler gave me important guidance on Cuba in the 1890s and discussed in considerable detail my plan for entries regarding Cuba between 1895 and 1898. Professor John A. Larkin (State University of New York at Buffalo) gave me a number of helpful criticisms on the work. He expressed considerable concern about more space being given to the Spanish-Cuban/American War than to the Philippine War, 18991902. As a result of his letters I made a greater effort to ensure that most topics relating to the Philippine War have been covered in one or more entries.
Numerous scholars suggested additional potential contributors. Those who provided such needed suggestions include Dr. Timothy K. Nenninger (National Archives) and Professors Glenn A. May (University of Oregon), Norman G. Owen (University of Hong Kong), Ben Kerkvliet (University of Hawaii at Manoa), Robert Van Niel (University of Hawaii at Manoa), Donald B. Dodd (Auburn University at Montgomery), Leslie E. Bauzon (Philippine National Historical Society), Bruce Cruikshank (Concordia College), Louis A. Prez, Jr. (University of Florida), Willard B. Gatewood, Jr. (University of Arkansas), Rhett S. Jones (Brown University), Robert J. Alexander (Rutgers University), Bruce Calder (University of Illinois at Chicago), Michael P. Onorato (California State University, Fullerton), Vincent C. Peloso (Howard University), Douglas R. Reynolds (Georgia State University), Dean Rolando M. Gripaldo (Mindanao State University), and Joseph A. Caldon, S.J. ( Philippines Studies).
I received helpful letters from various scholars at the historical centers maintained by the armed services, including Dr. Ronald H. Spector, Director of Naval History in the Department of the Navy.
Of special importance was the assistance generously provided by Brigadier General E.H. Simmons, Director of Marine Corps History and Museums at the Marine Corps Historical Center. General Simmons staff reviewed a considerable number of the entries and gave me valuable comments on those that were examined. I took many of the suggestions offered, but for a variety of reasons could not follow all of them.
I wish to express my appreciation to Emma A. Warren, Director of the Kilmer Area Library at RutgersThe State University of New Jersey, and to Dr. Joanne R. Euster, then University Librarian at Rutgers, for having approved my application for a research leave in 1989 to begin planning this encyclopedia and to carry out much of my recruiting for entry authors.
My wife, Anne Brugh, always works with me on my research and other publication projects, but her contribution to this volume has been outstanding in terms of both her personal efforts and her patience with me. She contributed to the editing of the volume and did much checking and rechecking of names and facts.
Dr. Richard L. Blanco, Professor Emeritus of History College at Brockport, the State University of New York, who is editing the series, Military History of the United States, of which this volume is a component, contributed importantly by working with me on the scope of the volume. At one time, I did not entirely agree with his views, but am now very much satisfied that changing the scope of the book was the right decision.
Garland Publishing has provided a considerable amount of editorial support for the book. Paula Grant worked extensively with me over a period of several months, and we exchanged numerous letters and telephone calls in the editing process. Her many questions and suggestions significantly improved this work. Phyllis Korper, Senior Editor at Garland, also provided me with much needed information and guidance on a regular basis while the volume was being compiled. Helga McCue, Managing Editor; Eunice Petrini, Production Manager; and Jennifer Brosious, Bruce Chambers, Patti Hefner, Dora Kubek, Sylvia Ploss, and Jennifer Sorenson of the Garland prepress staff worked steadily with me to improve and to expedite the book.
Finding a model for this volume was difficult because of the long period covered and the varied nature of the conflicts. Most military encyclopedias appear to cover either a long period of time, often several centuries, or deal with a particular war rather than a group of conflicts. David G. Chandlers Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars (Macmillan, 1979) gave me some useful guidance on organizing the structure of this book.
Benjamin R. Beede
Introduction
Despite its brevity the Spanish-Cuban/American War of 1898 had a profound effect on the United States. Suddenly, the United States had worldwide responsibilities stretching from the Philippines and Guam to the Caribbean. It has become a clich that the United States reached major power status in 1898. The political and diplomatic effects of the conflict were highly important, but it is the wars military influences that are briefly discussed in this introduction.
In terms of military resources, the Spanish-Cuban/American War, the Philippine War, and the new responsibilities in the Caribbean brought a significantly enlarged army, temporarily further swelled by thousands of federal volunteers for the Philippine War, and the building of a navy that eventually moved the United States into the ranks of the major naval powers. Organizational changes were probably more significant in the long run, however. The army was extensively reformed. The archaic structure of the War Department that institutionalized conflict between the secretary of war and the commanding general of the army was abolished. A General Staff and an Army War College were established for planning and other purposes. The National Guard was further coordinated with the army, with the federal government expanding its supervision of the guard.
