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Susanna F Schaller - Business Improvement Districts and the Contradictions of Placemaking: Bid Urbanism in Washington, D.C.

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Business Improvement Districts and the Contradictions of Placemaking: Bid Urbanism in Washington, D.C.
Author:
Susanna F Schaller
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University of Georgia Press
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Books / Politics
Year:
2021
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BUSINESS IMPROVEMENT DISTRICTS AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF PLACEMAKING

BID Urbanism in Washington, D.C.

SUSANNA F. SCHALLER

The University of Georgia Press
Athens

2019 by the University of Georgia Press
Athens, Georgia 30602
www.ugapress.org
All rights reserved
Designed by Kaelin Chappell Broaddus
Set in 10/13.5 Utopia Std Regular
by Kaelin Chappell Broaddus

Most University of Georgia Press titles are
available from popular e-book vendors.

Printed digitally

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

NAMES: Schaller, Susanna F., author.
TITLE: Business improvement districts and the contradictions of placemaking :
BID urbanism in Washington, D.C. / Susanna F. Schaller.
DESCRIPTION: Athens, Georgia : University of Georgia Press, [2019] |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
IDENTIFIERS: LCCN 2018057928| ISBN 9780820355160 (hardcover : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9780820355177 (ebook)
SUBJECTS: LCSH: Central business districtsWashington (D.CPlanning. |
GentrificationWashington (D.C.) | Washington (D.CSocial conditions.
CLASSIFICATION: LCC HT177.W3 S33 2019 | DDC 307.3/4209753dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018057928

For

My mother Sue, ever the scholar

My daughter Alessia, my creative joy

D.C., my first home in the U.S.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
BID Urbanism in Washington, D.C.

CHAPTER 1
Framing BID Urbanism and Placemaking

CHAPTER 2
Urban Governance and Planning before BIDs

CHAPTER 3
The Push for Bids

CHAPTER 4
BID Urbanism Oils the Gentrification Machine

CHAPTER 5
Situating Adams Morgan and Mount Pleasant

CHAPTER 6
Neighborhood Identities Collide

CHAPTER 7
BID Urbanism and the Politics of Exclusion

CHAPTER 8
BIDs as Clubs

CONCLUSION
BID Urbanism beyond D.C.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

A book, I have come to learn, is an immense undertaking that requires support from many people and places. Mentors, friends, and family have provided intellectual accompaniment and personal encouragement, offered pointed criticism and gentle suggestions, enabled financial stability, or just made me laugh when I might rather have cried.

This book is dedicated to D.C., my first home in the United States and perhaps now a city largely of memories. Until age fourteen, I lived in Kln, Germany. I am the daughter of an architect who spent years excavating for me the histories of buildings and places, deciphering the social meanings, political perspectives, and economic forces embodied in the built environment. But it was in D.C. that I really began to recognize neighborhoods as social products, created not only by public polices and plans but also by our perceptions and actions (Lefebvre 2011). The city awakened my desire to decode the storytelling that translates plans into the realities conditioning peoples lives, advantaging some and harming others (Throgmorton 2003; Lefebvre 2011). How we participate in shaping our neighborhoods and cities matters, I learned.

Even as official crime figures soared in the late 1980s and early 1990s, a mosaic of third places distinguished D.C. from the federal city (Oldenburg 1999). My teenage self recalls hearing Sweet Honey in the Rock at All Souls Church, listening to jazz at Caf Lautrec in Adams Morgan, attending poetry readings at d.c.space and later dancing to Go Goa homegrown rhythmat the 9:30 Club and a kaleidoscope of beats at Tracks in South-west. As my brother notes, at that time the 9:30 Club was also a hub for punk musicians connected to other inner cities. Whether it was drummers on Dupont Circle, renowned African musicians at the Kilimanjaro, or punk at Madams Organ and la nueva cancin in Mount Pleasant, the music scene reflected the imprint of the multifaceted communities producing D.C.s urban space.

In 1992, one year after the riots in Adams Morgan and Mount Pleasant, I began teaching bilingual education in a local public school. From my students, many of whom had fled civil wars in Central America, I learned about the dangers of living in the shadows of the law and about the incredible perseverance young people can summon against all odds. By 1999 I began working as a newly minted planner for the Latino Economic Development Corporation (LEDC), born out of the riots. Gentrification as lived experiences suffused our everyday conversations. These were the fiscal control board years (19952001). City planners carried a clear message to our neighborhoods: D.C. needed to shift direction, to use its considerable assets to attract investment and above all new, preferably high-income, residents. Thus, my work involved me in the complex and conflict-ridden politics around economic development and revitalization, which became the catalyzing material shaping this books storyline.

This project would not have been possible without the amazing people at LEDC. I thank Marla Bilonick, Ayari de la Rosa, Vikki Frank, Josh Gibson, Larisa Gryzco-Avellaneda, Leda Hernandez, Christine Hurley, Judy Little, Galey Modan, Jose Rodriguez, and Celina Trevio. In 2006, the acting executive director welcomed me back, offering staff time and space. Galey Modan has been a continual intellectual partner, and her insights, understanding, and analysis form an integral part of this work. Vikki Frank has generously provided not just continued friendship and conversation but a second home.

I am indebted to ANC commissioners, residents, community-development professionals, and merchants who shared their experiences and knowledge and gratefully acknowledge government officials and planners in the deputy mayors Office of Economic Development and Planning, the Office of Planning, and the Department of Transportation, who communicated their views and expertise. Many BID executives and professionals graciously sat down for informative, constructive, and rich conversations: I am deeply appreciative.

The actual written words first emerged at the Department of City and Regional Planning (CRP) at Cornell University under the supervision of Mildred Warner, Lourdes Beneria, and Susan Christopherson, three women who helped me develop my arguments while allowing me the space to integrate scholarship, practice, and, yes, family. Mildred Warners pathbreaking work on governance turned my attention toward examining BIDs through the public-choice frame. Lourdes Benerias expertise as a feminist economist directed me to eschew simple categorizations to examine everyday experiences through the structures shaping them. Susan Christopherson, a pioneer in the field of economic geography, pressed me to sharpen my analysis of the spatial dynamics transforming D.C. I was surrounded by brilliant planning scholars: Bill Goldsmith, Pierre Clavel, and John Forester. Their work resounds through this book. Thank you also, Anouk Patel-Campillo and Rhodante Ahlers, fellow PhD travelers. Finally, I thank CRP for its generous financial support in the form of tuition and research grants and fellowships. Columbia Universitys Urban Planning Department provided a home in New York City. I thank Susan Fainstein, Peter Marcuse, and Johannes Novy, in particular, for their intellectual sustenance.

I am extraordinarily privileged to work in the Division of Interdisciplinary Studies at the City College of New York (CCNY). Dean Juan Carlos Mercados unwavering support at a crucial crossroads in my career and his continuing encouragement of my scholarly pursuits have changed my lifes direction: thank you. As department chair, Kathy McDonald has fostered an incredibly reassuring and emboldening environment. Susanna Rosenbaums beautiful sarcasm, sharp mind, and constancy kept me real every day. Alessandra Benedicty-Kokken offered friendship and crucial insights. And John Calagione accompanied me on a crucial journey into Lefebvres writings. Thank you to Carlos Aguasaco, Marlene Clark, David Eastzer, Debbie Edwards-Anderson, Vicki Garavuso, Mary Lutz, Elizabeth Matthews, Justin Williams, and Martin Woessner for their camaraderie. Luisa Perezs intellectual acumen and friendship infused the first revision with renewed creative (mapping) energy: the conversations continue.

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