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POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION
IN THE UK

Volume 2 The dimensions
of disadvantage

Edited by Glen Bramley and Nick Bailey

First published in Great Britain in 2018 by

Policy Press University of Bristol 1-9 Old Park Hill Bristol BS2 8BB UK Tel +44 (0)117 954 5940 e-mail

North American office: Policy Press c/o The University of Chicago Press 1427 East 60th Street Chicago, IL 60637, USA t: +1 773 702 7700 f: +1 773-702-9756

Policy Press 2018

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested

978-1-4473-3422-4 hardback
978-1-4473-3427-9 paperback
978-1-4473-3426-2 ePdf
978-1-4473-3428-6 ePub
978-1-4473-3429-3 Mobi

The rights of Glen Bramley and Nick Bailey to be identified as editors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of Policy Press.

The statements and opinions contained within this publication are solely those of the author and not of the University of Bristol or Policy Press. The University of Bristol and Policy Press disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any material published in this publication.

Policy Press works to counter discrimination on grounds of gender, race, disability, age and sexuality.

Cover design by Hayes Design
Front cover image: Timm Sonnenschein/Report digital
Readers Guide
This book has been optimised for PDA.
Tables may have been presented to accommodate this devices limitations.
Image presentation is limited by this devices limitations.

Contents

Nick Bailey and Glen Bramley

Joanna Mack

Demi Patsios, Marco Pomati and Paddy Hillyard

Glen Bramley, Suzanne Fitzpatrick and Filip Sosenko

Glen Bramley and Kirsten Besemer

Lisa Wilson, Eldin Fahmy and Nick Bailey

Nick Bailey

Eldin Fahmy

Lucy Prior and David Manley

Glen Bramley

Simon Pemberton, Christina Pantazis and Paddy Hillyard

Glen Bramley and Kirsten Besemer

Mike Tomlinson and Lisa Wilson

Nick Bailey, Eldin Fahmy and Jonathan Bradshaw

Glen Bramley and Nick Bailey

List of tables and figures

All tables and figures in this book are based on the PSEUK survey and are therefore for 2012 unless otherwise indicated.

Tables

Figures

Glossary

After Housing Costs (AHC) poverty a relative low-income poverty measure, defined as below 60 per cent of median equivalised net household income after deduction of housing costs (mortgage or rent, maintenance, insurance, property tax).

At-risk-of-poverty (AROP) an alternative name for the relative low-income poverty measures.

Austerity the policy of significant real cuts in public expenditure on services and welfare adopted after 2010 by UK and certain other governments, in order to attempt to reduce public sector deficits (along with, or in place of, the alternative strategy of raising taxes).

Basic bank accounts simple bank accounts which enable customers to deposit money, receive payments, and make payments via a debit card or direct debit, without overdraft or credit facilities and with no charges.

Before Housing Costs (BHC) poverty a relative low-income poverty measure, defined as below 60 per cent of median equivalised net household income before deduction of housing costs.

Deprivation a poverty measure based on whether people lack a number of items (goods, services, activities) which they would like to have or do, because they cannot afford them. The items are termed necessities because a majority of people in the UK agree that everyone should have access to these and no one should have to go without.

Equivalised income household income adjusted to take account of the size and composition of the household, so that incomes are comparable across different household types.

Exclusionary employment the situation for people who are in paid work but suffering forms exclusion which arise from their employment: where pay and conditions are such that individuals remain in poverty, or they are in low quality work, or have low security.

Financial exclusion a general concept to describe the process by which social groups and individuals are excluded from access to financial services, including loans, bank accounts and insurance.

Financial inclusion policies and practices which enable all members of society to obtain access to financial services, including non-exploitative forms of lending; the opposite of financial exclusion.

Financial stress households reporting subjective indicators of financial pressure, including reporting that: it is a constant struggle to keep up with bills or that they are not keeping up; that they could not meet a major expense of 500; they cannot spend money on self; or that their income is a lot below the amount they consider they need to avoid poverty.

Financialisation a general process by which financial institutions, markets and services become more embedded in different aspects of social, institutional as well as economic life, including more extensive use of credit and debt.

Fuel poverty households who are poor because of, or have their poverty exacerbated by, a relatively high level of energy costs required to maintain a standard temperature regime in their home, given its energy-efficiency characteristics.

Housing affordability this problem arises when housing costs represent an excessive burden on incomes, and may be measured by various ratios including housing costs to income, residual income after housing costs against a standard related to household composition, AHC poverty (see entry above), or subjective indicators of payment problems.

Informal borrowing household use of pawnbrokers, cash converters, moneylenders, payday loans, unlicensed lenders, friends or family as a source of borrowing to meet day-to-day needs.

Logistic regression (model) a statistical technique for separating out the associations between multiple variables (independent variables) and a single outcome (dependent) variable which has just two categories (e.g. poor/not poor). In these models, the regression coefficient (B) reports the strength of the relationship between each independent variable and the dependent variable, after the effects of the other independent variables has been removed.

Low income poverty a household is judged to be in low income poverty where its equivalised income is below a particular threshold. Thresholds may be set by an explicit calculation of the minimum income needed to achieve a given standard of living or, more commonly, by selecting a (more or less arbitrary) level in relation to the average or median income for a society as a whole. In the UK, for example, the most commonly used low-income poverty measure is 60% of median household income.

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