Goolam Vahed - Colour, class and community : the Natal Indian Congress, 1971-1994

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Colour, Class and Community The Natal Indian Congress, 19711994

Colour, Class and Community The Natal Indian Congress, 19711994

Ashwin Desai and Goolam Vahed

Published in South Africa by:

Wits University Press

1 Jan Smuts Avenue

Johannesburg 2001

www.witspress.co.za

Copyright Ashwin Desai and Goolam Vahed 2021

Published edition Wits University Press 2021

Cover image African News Agency

First published 2021

http://dx.doi.org.10.18772/12021117151

978-1-77614-715-1 (Paperback)

978-1-77614-716-8 (Hardback)

978-1-77614-717-5 (Web PDF)

978-1-77614-718-2 (EPUB)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act, Act 98 of 1978.

All images remain the property of the copyright holders. The publishers gratefully acknowledge the publishers, institutions and individuals referenced in captions for the use of images. Every effort has been made to locate the original copyright holders of the images reproduced here; please contact Wits University Press in case of any omissions or errors.

Project manager: Elaine Williams

Copyeditor: Lisa Compton

Proofreader: Tessa Botha

Indexer: Margaret Ramsay

Cover design: Hybrid Creative

Typeset in 11.5 point Crimson

Contents

T he impetus for this study was enhanced by conversations with Yunus Carrim and his willingness to share information with us. We would like to say a special thank you to those NIC members who so readily shared their experiences with us in person, via email or telephonically. It is unfortunate that others who could have provided insights have either passed on, were ill or were unavailable to contribute to this study. The names of those whom we interviewed are listed in the Bibliography.

We wish to acknowledge the work of Iain Edwards, whose studies of Natoo Babenia and Mewa Ramgobin are invaluable. Shireen Hassim has likewise made a valuable contribution in compiling Fatima Meers key writings. Interviews with Congress activists conducted over the years by Julie Frederikse, Gail Gerhart, Jeremy Seekings and Padraig OMalley are another important historical source that we draw upon.

We would also like to thank staff at the Killie Campbell Library, the Alan Paton Archives at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, the South African History Archives, the William Cullen Library at the University of Witwatersrand, and the Gandhi-Luthuli Documentation Centre at the University of KwaZulu-Natal who provided transcripts of various interviews held in their collections. Thanks also to the many individuals and organisations who supplied photographs. They are acknowledged in the text.

We are grateful for the valuable feedback provided by the anonymous peer reviewers. We would also like to thank Roshan Cader and the team at Wits University Press for their support and professionalism in seeing this study to completion.

ANC	African National Congress
AWB	Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
AZAPO	Azanian Peoples Organisation
BC	Black Consciousness
BCM	Black Consciousness Movement
BPC	Black Peoples Convention
CBD	central business district
CHAC	Chatsworth Housing Action Committee
CODESA	Convention for a Democratic South Africa
COSAS	Congress of South African Students
COSATU	Congress of South African Trade Unions
CRC	Coloured Representative Council
DHAC	Durban Housing Action Committee
EFF	Economic Freedom Fighters
HOD	House of Delegates
IFP	Inkatha Freedom Party
LAC	local affairs committee
MDM	Mass Democratic Movement
MF	Minority Front
MK	Umkhonto we Sizwe
MP	member of Parliament
NEC	National Executive Committee
NEUM	Non-European Unity Movement
NGO	non-governmental organisation
NIC	Natal Indian Congress
NIS	National Intelligence Service
NP	National Party
NUSAS	National Union of South African Students
PAC	Pan Africanist Congress
PWC	Phoenix Working Committee
RC	Revolutionary Council
RDP	Reconstruction and Development Programme
REC	Regional Executive Committee
RMC	Release Mandela Committee
SACP	South African Communist Party
SADF	South African Defence Force
SAIC	South African Indian Council
SARS	South African Revenue Service
SASO	South African Students Organisation
SRC	Student Representative Council
TIC	Transvaal Indian Congress
TRC	Truth and Reconciliation Commission
UDF	United Democratic Front
UDW	University of Durban-Westville
UN	United Nations
US	United States

T he pre-eminent political organisation among Indians in South Africa through the first half of the 20th century was the Natal Indian Congress (NIC), founded by Mohandas K. Gandhi in 1894. In the 1940s a battle for the soul of the NIC was fought between groups dubbed moderates and radicals. The latter group, under the leadership of Dr Monty Naicker, emerged victorious, with Dr Kesaveloo Goonam, a fellow student of Naickers at Edinburgh University in the 1930s, becoming vice-president of the NIC, the first woman to hold this position. The NIC entered into an alliance with the African National Congress (ANC) in the 1950s. It was a dramatic move for the NIC, which, for the first half of the twentieth century, had shied away from alliances with Africans. In a series of momentous pioneering moves, the NIC joined with the ANC in the 1952 Defiance Campaign, and rallied behind the Freedom Charter adopted in 1955 at the Congress of the People in Kliptown. Through these actions, NIC leaders were pronouncing that the freedom of Indians was inextricably tied to the liberation of the African majority.

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