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Regional and Ethnic
Conflicts

Perspectives from
the Front Lines

JUDY CARTER

Royal Roads University

GEORGE IRANI

Toledo International Center for Peace

VAMIK D. VOLKAN

University of Virginia

First published 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Published 2016 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2009 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text.

ISBN: 9780131894280 (pbk)

Cover Design: Jonathan Boylan

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Regional and ethnic conflicts : perspectives from the front lines /[edited by] Judy Carter,
George Irani, Vamik D. Volkan.

p. cm.

ISBN 0-13-189428-5

1. Ethnic conflictCase studies. 2. Conflict managementCase studies. I. Carter, Judy.

II. Irani, George. III. Volkan, Vamik D.

HM1121.R44 2008

305.8dc22

2007051142

Contents

Judy Carter, George Irani, and Vamik Volkan

Violeta Petroska-Beka and Nikolina Kenig

Fatmir Musa

Dipankar Banerjee

Touqir Hussain

Caesar V. Mavratsas

Kenan Atakol

Edward (Edy) Kaufman and Manuel Hassassian

Richard Batsinduka

David Ratnavale

Kostas Ifantis

Onur ymen

Sean Byrne

Jessica Senehi

Sonja Biserko

Eduard Klain

Conerly Casey

Salisu A. Abdullahi

Judy Carter

The editors of this book would like to extend their warm appreciation to Amelie Gauthier and Joumana Yahchouchi for their assistance. We also wish to thank Judy Barsalou and Joe Klaits from USIP and Vern Redekop from St. Paul University in Ottawa, who helped us identify the authors of some of the readings.

We also wish to thank the following reviewers for their valuable suggestions: Stephan L. Rozman, Tougaloo College; Timothy J. Schorn, University of South Dakota; Marc V. Simon, Bowling Green State University; Timothy D. Sisk, University of Denver; Stephen J. Spielman, Webster University in Thailand; and Frank Wilmer, Montana State University.

Judy Carter, George E. Irani, and Vamik Volkan

Ethnopolitical conflicts are a leading cause of violence, suffering, and instability around the world. The end of the Cold War failed to produce stability and peace. Some interstate conflicts abated, but intrastate conflicts escalated sharply, both in number and deadliness. Many of the worlds most intractable conflicts involve age-old cycles of oppression, victimization, and revenge. Violence, war, and ethnic cleansing are among the most dramatic manifestations of this cycle. From Sri Lanka to Cyprus, from Nigeria to Northern Ireland, and from Rwanda to Kashmir, the recurrent, intractable nature of ethnopolitical conflicts is evident in the cases discussed in this book.

While researchers understanding of and ability to manage conflict have increased during the past two decades, ethnopolitical conflicts remain difficult to understand and mitigate. Ethnopolitical conflicts are especially complex and multi-causal. As well, the forces and factors at play are different, steeped in history, and in some ways alien to those at play in other contemporary conflicts. One salient feature that distinguishes ethnopolitical conflict is the role that ethnicity plays. Ethnopolitical conflicts occur when some aspect of a groups ethnicity becomes politicized. Groups may define themselves or be defined by others using ethnic criteria. They may allege that their collective interests are being threatened or thwarted by internal (national or state government) or external (political or economic) forces.

Alternatively, ethnicity may be advanced as the reason for attacking or even trying to exterminate a group. Ethnicity, in many cases, plays a key role in disputing parties sense of identity, which explains why threats to culture, beliefs, and values sometimes result in virulent ethnopolitical conflict.

Looking ahead, ethnopolitical conflicts are forecast to be a leading cause of violence and war in the twenty-first century. Conventional efforts to mitigate ethnopolitical conflict are slow, can be ineffective, and are sometimes inappropriate. Consequently, economic, social, political, ecological, and human costs associated with ethnopolitical conflict are continuing to accrue.

Humanitys failure to prevent, mitigate, and resolve intractable interstate and intrastate ethnopolitical conflicts suggests that those seeking to end them may be missing certain insights or new, alternative perspectives into the parties, issues, and dynamics involved in these deadly, tragic conflicts. The urgency with which new insights, deeper understanding, and more effective approaches to ethnopolitical conflict must be sought continues to be driven home by nightly news headlines of violence, war, and suffering. Terrorist attacks on centers of political and economic power and the targeting of civilians underscore developed countries inability to shield citizens from ethnopolitical conflicts occurring elsewhere in the world and the violent tactics that desperate disputing parties employ.

Perspectives from the Front Lines aims to provide an alternative vantage point, one that offers new perspectives to the study of ethnopolitical conflict. Perspectives from the Front Lines endeavors to deepen and broaden the global communitys understanding of ethnopolitical conflict. Two key features distinguish this text.

First and foremost, chapters comprising this book have been contributed by people who have lived or worked in regions afflicted by ethnopolitical conflict. Perspectives from the Front Lines gives readers alternative, firsthand, front-line perspectives and insights on some of the major ethnopolitical conflicts plaguing the planet. It also gives people who have lived on the front lines an opportunity to tell their stories in their words, thereby humanizing their plight. Contributors describe and explain the factors and forces that have instigated and perpetuated the conflict in which they, their compatriots, and their enemies are ensnared. Contributors chapters provide front-line accounts of the realities and complexities of ethnopolitical conflict. In addition, they note the clear and present danger that ethnopolitical conflicts pose to global security.

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