Critical Caribbean Studies
Series Editors: Yolanda Martnez-San Miguel, Michelle Stephens, and Kathleen Lopez
Focused particularly in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, although attentive to the context of earlier eras, this series encourages interdisciplinary approaches and methods and is open to scholarship in a variety of areas, including anthropology, cultural studies, diaspora and transnational studies, environmental studies, gender and sexuality studies, history, and sociology. The series pays particular attention to the four main research clusters of Critical Caribbean Studies at Rutgers University, where the coeditors serve as members of the executive board: Caribbean Critical Studies Theory and the Disciplines; Archipelagic Studies and Creolization; Caribbean Aesthetics, Poetics, and Politics; and Caribbean Colonialities.
Giselle Anatol, The Things That Fly in the Night: Female Vampires in Literature of the Circum-Caribbean and African Diaspora
Ala Reyes-Santos, Our Caribbean Kin: Race and Nation in the Neoliberal Antilles
Milagros Ricourt, The Dominican Racial Imaginary: Surveying the Landscape of Race and Nation in Hispaniola
Katherine A. Zien, Sovereign Acts: Performing Race, Space, and Belonging in Panama and the Canal Zone
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Zien, Katherine A., 1981 author.
Title: Sovereign acts : performing race, space, and belonging in Panama and the Canal Zone / Katherine A. Zien. Description: New Brunswick, New Jersey : Rutgers University Press, 2017. | Series: Critical Caribbean studies | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016053263| ISBN 9780813584232 (hardback) | ISBN 9780813584102 (pbk.) | ISBN 9780813584249 (e-book (epub)) Subjects: LCSH: Panamanian drama20th centuryHistory and criticism. | TheaterPanamaHistory. | Literature and societyPanama. | National characteristics, Panamanian, in literature. | SovereigntyPanama. | Canal ZoneIntellectual life. | Panama Canal (Panama)In literature. | BISAC: HISTORY / Latin America / Central America. | ART / Art & Politics. | SOCIAL SCIENCE / Developing Countries. | ART / Performance. | HISTORY / Caribbean & West Indies / General. | POLITICAL SCIENCE / Colonialism & Post-Colonialism. | SOCIAL SCIENCE / Discrimination & Race Relations. Classification: LCC PQ7523 .Z54 2017 | DDC 862/.60997287dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016053263
A British Cataloging-in-Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.
Copyright 2017 by Katherine A. Zien
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Please contact Rutgers University Press, 106 Somerset Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901. The only exception to this prohibition is fair use as defined by U.S. copyright law.
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Illustrations
I.1. Map of Panama
I.2. Map of the Canal Zone, from the Isthmian Canal Commission (ICC) Annual Report 1912.
Student demonstration against US control of the Panama Canal Zone, May 1, 1960.
Panamanians march in protest near the Presidential Palace during riots over the sovereignty of the Panama Canal Zone, 1964.
US president Theodore Roosevelt poses in a steam shovel during his 1906 tour of the Canal Zone.
Plan and photograph of the newly completed Administration Building at Balboa Heights, 1915.
Photograph of the Administration Building from George Goethals, Government of the Canal Zone (1915): 1617.
Photograph of Settlement of Balboa, Canal Zone, June 1921.
Balboa Heights, Two Family Concrete Quarters, November 1916.
Balboa, Four Family Quarters, January 1919.
Family Quarters for Silver Employees, Red Tank, Canal Zone, 1920.
Quarters for Silver Employees, La Boca, Canal Zone, April 1920.
Improved Order of Red Men, Cholo Tribe Number 5. Undated photograph.
Exterior of ICC Clubhouse at Culebra and YMCA official Floyd C. Freeman.
Interior of ICC Clubhouse at Culebra and YMCA official A. Bruce Minear.
Flyer, Alaida Zaza Classic Dances and Art Poses, March 1214, 1925.
Photograph of West Indian Canal employees and dependents in front of a silver-roll clubhouse, ca. 19181934.
Flyer for Magician Sing Kamakuras performances in the Canal Zone Gold Clubhouses, March 1015, 1924.
Flyer for Magician Sing Kamakuras performances in the Canal Zone Silver Clubhouses, March 2428, 1924.
Portrait of Hazel Scott from concert program cover, 1949.
Portrait of Marian Anderson from concert program cover, ca. 1951.
Flyer, Ellabelle Davis concert in Panama, ca. 1951.
Program cover, William Warfield concerts in Panama, ca. 1953.
Josefina Nicoletti as the Cockroach in the ballet Cucarachita Mandinga, November 1953.
Josefina Nicoletti flanked by unidentified dancers in the ballet Cucarachita Mandinga, November 1953.
Dabaiba Cont (Cockroach) and unidentified actor as Mouse in the 1976 Cucarachita Mandinga.
The Administration Building and Escalinatas/Prado, 2008.
Memorial to Col. George Goethals, viewed from Escalinatas/Prado, 2008.
The Panama Canal Handover ceremony, December 31, 1999.
Tables
List of events sponsored, in full or in part, by Westerman Concerts.
List of songs played during Rubn Bladess Patria Entera concert, December 31, 1999.
Acronyms
ACP Autoridad del Canal de Panam
ADOC Alianza Democrtica de Oposicin Civilista
BCP Bureau of Clubs and Playgrounds
COCINA Coordinadora Civilista Nacional
CYMCL Colored Young Mens Christian League
CZG Canal Zone Government
DEXA Departamento de Expresiones Artsticas
ICC Isthmian Canal Commission
INAC Instituto Nacional de Cultura
INTARIN Intercambio Artstico Internacional, or International Artistic Exchange
INYC Isthmian Negro Youth Congress
MIPPE Ministerio de Planificacin y Poltica Econmica
MPE Movimiento Papa Egor
OAS Organization of American States
PC Panama Canal
PCC Panama Canal Company
PCWIEA Panama Canal West Indian Employees Association
PRD Partido Democrtico Revolucionario
SCN Southern Command Network
SEA Silver Employees Association
TEP Teatro Estudiantil Panameo