Caleb Rossiter - The Bureaucratic Struggle for Control of U.S. Foreign Aid: Diplomacy vs. Development in Southern Africa

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The Bureaucratic Struggle for Control of U.S. Foreign Aid

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About the Book and Author

This study of executive-branch decision making explores the conflict between the diplomatic and developmental mandates of U.S. foreign-aid programs on two levels. First, a given amount of programming funded for a country must be divided among various activities, some of which are directed toward long-term development while others encourage short-term diplomatic cooperation with U.S. initiatives. Second, individual federal agencies favor certain types of aid and are engaged in a constant struggle to preserve and expand their favored programs at the expense of others.

Dr. Rossiter examines this conflict in a case study of the State Department's use of foreign-aid programs to induce the "frontline" states of southern Africa to cooperate with President Carter's initiative to resolve the civil war in Rhodesia/Zimbabwe. According to Dr. Rossiter, the Agency for International Development (AID) lost control over foreign aid in the region to the State Department because the constituency for development objectives was relatively weak, both inside and outside the U.S. government. He concludes by discussing the implications of AID's unsuccessful attempt to free itself from the State Department's control during the reorganization of the foreign-aid bureaucracy under President Carter.

Dr. Caleb Rossiter is on the staff of the bipartisan Congressional Arms Control and Foreign Policy Caucus, where his duties focus on legislation and research related to U.S. economic and military policy in the Third World. He has been an adjunct professor of military policy at Cornell University's Washington, D.C., campus. Dr. Rossiter has written on U.S. foreign policy for the Congressional Research Service and the Center for International Policy, where he is a fellow. He conducted interviews with more than seventy officials in various U.S. government agencies in preparation for this book.

The Bureaucratic Struggle for Control of U.S. Foreign Aid

Diplomacy vs. Development in Southern Africa

Caleb Rossiter

First published 1985 by Westview Press, Inc.

Published 2019 by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1985 Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Rossiter, Caleb.
The bureaucratic struggle for control of U.S. foreign
aid.
(A Westview replica edition)
Bibliography: p.
1. Economic assistance, American--Africa, Southern.
2. United States--Foreign relations--Africa, Southern.
3. Africa, Southern-Foreign relations--United States.
I. Title.
HC900.R67 1985 338.91'73'068 84-7507

ISBN 13: 978-0-367-29047-4 (hbk)

To my mother, Mary Ellen Buyoucos, and my father, Clinton Rossiter

Contents

1. ii

Guide

1. Figure
2. Tables

This study could not have been undertaken without the cooperation of over seventy-five participants in the 'realization process' for U.S. foreign aid who gave their time through interviews and correspondence. It could not have been completed without the help of Professor Arch Dotson of Cornell University.

Thanks also to WAMU and the Birchmere for great bluegrass music; Kay Beach and her staff at the George Washington University Computer Center; Professors Jerome Ziegler, James Turner, and Frank Golay of Cornell University; typists Angela McCollough and Theresa Kirkland; and Jenny C.

Caleb Rossiter

I
Diplomacy Versus Development

A lot of criticism of foreign aid is because the critic thought the objective was to get economic growth, and this wasn't the objective at all...

--Desmond Fitzgerald, ICA (AID predecessor) official and later CIA Director of Covert Operations,

Foreign aid and security assistance are valuable and indispensable tools which on occasion can prove as cost-effective as armament expenditure.

--Alexander Haig, Secretary of State, 1981.

Assistance...should be used...to help countries solve development problems in accordance with a strategy that aims to increase substantially the participation of the poor. Accordingly, greatest emphasis shall be placed on countries and activities which effectively involve the poor in development, by expanding their access to the economy through services and institutions at the local level...

--Sec. 102 (c), Foreign Assistance Act, 1975.

Between 1973 and 1981, the United States Government obligated over half a billion dollars for Official Development Assistance to Southern Africa.percent of the total obligations were incurred from 1978 to 1981, as the United States participated in successful negotiations transferring power in Zimbabwe from a white minority government to one elected with the participation of the black majority.

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