Sarah Wessel - Revolution, Representation, and Authoritarianism: Beyond Arab Exceptionalism in Egypt

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Revolution, Representation, and Authoritarianism

This book examines Egypts turbulent and contradictory political period (20112015) as key to understanding contemporary politics in the country and the developments in the Arab region after the mass protests in 2010/11, more broadly.

In doing so, it breaks new ground in the study of political representation, providing analytical innovation to the study of disenchantment with politics, democracy fatigue, and social cohesion. Based on five years of intense fieldwork, the author provides rare insights into local and national ideas on politics, justice, and identity, as well as how people situate themselves and Egypt in the regional and global context. It analyzes how the creation of an alternate, political system was discussed and negotiated among the Egyptian population, the military, the government, public figures, the media, and international actors, and yet nevertheless today, Egypt has a new political regime that is the most repressive in the countrys modern history. Finally, it recalls the emotions and perceptions of individuals and collectives and interlinks these local perspectives to national events and developments through time.

This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of democratization and authoritarianism, Middle East Studies, political representation and informality, collective action, and, more broadly, cultural studies and international relations.

Sarah Wessel is Associate Fellow at the Center for Applied Research in Partnership with the Orient (CARPO), Germany, and works as Research Manager at the Berlin Center for Global Engagement at the Berlin University Alliance.

Routledge Studies on Challenges, Crises and Dissent in World Politics

Series editors: Karoline Postel-Vinay

Centre for International Studies and Research (CERI), France, and Nadine Godehardt, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Germany.

This new series focuses on challenges, crises and dissent in world politics and the major political issues that have surfaced in recent years. It welcomes a wide range of theoretical and methodological approaches including critical and postmodern studies, and aims to improve our present understanding of global order through the exploration of major challenges to inter/national and regional governability, the effects of nationalism, extremism, weak leadership and the emergence of new actors in international politics.

Indias Foreign Policy Discourse and its Conceptions of World Order

The Quest for Power and Identity

Thorsten Wojczewski

Policy Transfer and Norm Circulation

Towards an Interdisciplinary and Comparative Approach

Edited by Laure Delcour and Elsa Tulmets

The Politics of Resilience and Transatlantic Order

Enduring Crisis?

Edited by Gordon Friedrichs, Sebastian Harnisch and Cameron G. Thies

China, the West, and Democratization

The Struggle for the Local and the Global in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan

Luba von Hauff

Chinas Influence and the Center-periphery Tug of War in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Indo-Pacific

Edited by Brian C.H. Fong, Wu Jieh-min and Andrew J. Nathan

Revolution, Representation, and Authoritarianism

Beyond Arab Exceptionalism in Egypt

Sarah Wessel

For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com

Revolution, Representation, and Authoritarianism

Beyond Arab Exceptionalism in Egypt

Sarah Wessel

First published 2022

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2022 Sarah Wessel

The right of Sarah Wessel to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN: 978-1-032-00403-7 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-032-01066-3 (pbk)

ISBN: 978-1-003-17695-4 (ebk)

DOI: 10.4324/9781003176954

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by Apex CoVantage, LLC

For my family

Contents

Guide

Figures

Tables

Notes on transliteration and translation

Transliteration

The transliteration method in this study combines scientific accuracy with technical simplicity. It orients itself along the system of the International Journal of Middle East Studies, which is widely recognized in the field of Middle East studies for its transliteration standards.

1. IJMES suggests not adding diacritics to personal names, place names, names of political parties and organizations, or titles of books and articles. Only the cayn and hamza (except for initial hamza, which is dropped) should be preserved. I will apply this rule with the following exceptions:
   • Where I refer to an English publication or translation of an author with an Arabic name, I will maintain the provided English transliteration (for example Alaa al-Aswani instead of cAla al-Aswani).
   • In a similar vein, I will use the English transliterations of Arabic movements or parties as provided by themselves.
   • In case of famous names, all diacritics will be dropped. For instance: Gamal Abd al-Nassir, Abd al-Fattah al-Sisi.
2. Concerning technical phrases and translations: I will simplify the transliterations for technical reasons. In particular, the transliterations of long vocals will be adapted: Instead of I will write a; instead of I will write i; instead of , I will write ou.
3. For colloquial Egyptian Arabic, I will provide transliterations close to the IJMES system. In Egyptian Arabic, the letter (jiim) is generally pronounced like a hard g, as in gift, and the letter is often left out. In these cases, I will transliterate as g instead of j (for example, baltagiyya, instead of baltajiyya), and use in place of .

Translation

Primary and secondary sources, when available, were consulted in English. However, the English translations were calibrated randomly with the Arabic versions to verify their consistency in terms of content and argumentation. In particular, the contents of newspaper articles were sometimes inconsistent. When this happened, I addressed these inconsistencies and provided potential explanations as to why this may have occurred.

Foreword

Twentieth-century political science and political theory confined the idea of representation to a limited domain. It was about political parties, elections, and parliaments. Whether elected officials were good or successful representatives turned on how responsive they were to their constituents. For all its imperfections and blind spots (persisting social inequalities, marginalization of vulnerable minorities), this is, for sure, an important domain of democratic practiceat least where elections are largely free and fair, and parliaments are not made up of yes-men to an overbearing executive.

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