Walter C. Clemens Jr. - North Korea and the World: Human Rights, Arms Control, and Strategies for Negotiation

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NORTH KOREA AND THE WORLD

NORTH KOREA
AND THE WORLD

HUMAN RIGHTS, ARMS CONTROL,
AND STRATEGIES FOR NEGOTIATION

Walter C. Clemens Jr.

Due to variations in the technical specifications of different electronic
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Copyright 2016 by Walter C. Clemens Jr.

Published by the University Press of Kentucky,
scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University.

All rights reserved.

Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky

663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008

www.kentuckypress.com

Maps and figures by Richard A. Gilbreath, University of Kentucky Cartography Lab.

Photographs by Jeremy Hunter (www.jeremyhunter.com) and Steve Gong (www.stevegongphoto.com).

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Clemens, Walter C., author.

Title: North Korea and the world : human rights, arms control, and strategies for negotiation / Walter C. Clemens Jr.

Description: Lexington, KY : University Press of Kentucky, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2016018538| ISBN 9780813167466 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780813167626 (pdf) | ISBN 9780813167633 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Korea (North)Foreign relations-21st century. | Human rightsKorea (North) | Human rightsKorea (North)International cooperation. | Nuclear weaponsKorea (North) | Nuclear nonproliferationKorea (North)International cooperation. | Korea (North)Foreign relationsUnited States. | United StatesForeign relationsKorea (North)

Classification: LCC DS935.7778 .C54 2016 | DDC 327.5193dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016018538

This book is printed on acid-free paper meeting the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence in Paper for Printed Library Materials.

Manufactured in the United States of America.

Member of the Association of American University Presses

For my family, East and West,
and in memory of Robert A. Scalapino
and Stephen W. Bosworth

Contents

Abbreviations, Acronyms,
and Special Terms

ASEAN	Association of Southeast Asian Nations
DMZ	demilitarized zone
DPRK	Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (North Korea)
GRIT	graduated reciprocity in tension-reduction
Hangl	Korean alphabet
HDI	Human Development Index
HEU	highly enriched uranium
IAEA	International Atomic Energy Agency
ICBM	intercontinental ballistic missile
JSA	Joint Security Area
Juche	self-reliance and independence
KEDO	Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization
LEU	low-enriched uranium
LWR	light-water reactor
NDC	National Defense Commission (DPRK)
NGO	nongovernmental organization
NLL	Northern Limit Line
NMD	National Missile Defense
NPT	Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
NSC	National Security Council (U.S.)
Paektu	volcanic mountain, alleged birthplace of Korean people and Kim Jong Il
PRC	Peoples Republic of China
PSI	Proliferation Security Initiative
pyngjin line	concurrent development of WMD and economy (guns and butter)
RF	Russian Federation
ROK	Republic of Korea (South Korea)
SDI	Strategic Defense Initiative
sngun	military-first orientation
UNDP	United Nations Development Programme
WMD	weapons of mass destruction
Yusin	ROK rejuvenation constitution, 19721979

Map 0.1. The Korean peninsula

Prologue

From Vienna and Moscow
to Panmunjom

December 12, 1952. Soviet troops patrolled their zone not far from central Vienna, where existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre gave the opening address to the World Congress of the Peoples for Peace. Sartre later called the congress one of the three experiences in his life that gave him hope. For me, a nineteen-year-old foreign student, an aspiring artist with a press pass from the Cincinnati Times-Star, the congress provided my first opportunity to meet people from Asia and Africa. Drawing on my high school French, I translated for Vietnamese who were anxious to tell English-speakers about their national liberation struggle. I dined several times with Japanese student delegates to the congress. They were slim and ate very little, they said, because their stomachs were accustomed to meager fare. The Japanese students had mixed feelings about the United States and Korea. Budgets were tight in Japan and, as war raged in Korea (19501953), they sold their blood every month for wounded U.S. soldiers.

The peace congress convened just as Pyongyang and Beijing resumed accusations that the United States was using biological weapons to spread disease and death in North Korea and China. I joined other congress participants in watching a North Korean film purporting to expose U.S. germ warfareinsects and voles (rodents larger than mice) stuffed into canisters dropped from airplanes by American soldiers whose huge noses outdid most stereotypes. The propaganda was primitive but seemed to convince many viewers.

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