Qingfeng Zhang - Toward an Environmentally Sustainable Future: Country Environmental Analysis of the Peoples Republic of China

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Toward an Environmentally Sustainable Future

Country Environmental Analysis of the Peoples Republic of China

Qingfeng Zhang and Robert Crooks

2012 Asian Development Bank

All rights reserved. Published 2012.
Printed in the Philippines

ISBN 978-92-9092-712-9 (Print), 978-92-9092-713-6 (PDF)
Publication Stock No. RPT113974

Cataloging-In-Publication Data

Zhang, Qingfeng and Robert Crooks.

Toward an environmentally sustainable future: Country environmental analysis of the Peoples Republic of China.
Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2012.

1. Environment. 2. Peoples Republic of China. I. Asian Development Bank.

The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.

ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use.

By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term country in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB.

Note:
In this publication, $ refers to US dollars.

Asian Development Bank
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1550 Metro Manila, Philippines
Tel +63 2 632 4444
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Endorsements

This monograph not only presents an integrated summary of what the Peoples Republic of China has achieved during the 11th Five-Year Plan toward sustainable development, but also dedicates an in-depth discussion of the development of major environmental policies and programs the Peoples Republic of China has been undergoing over the last 3 decades. An assessment of the countrys current environmental and ecological situations further highlights the grand challenges the Peoples Republic of China is facing for development while protecting the environment in the future.

Its major conclusions and recommendations are constructive, critical, and valuable not only to the government but also to the international sustainable communities as well as the general public.

Chen Jining
Professor and President
Tsinghua University

Protecting the environment remains one of the great global challenges of our time. The Asian Development Bank has been instrumental in providing policy and technical analysis for the environmental efforts of the Peoples Republic of China. The second Country Environmental Analysis provides a comprehensive review on the governments environmental achievements during the period of the 11th Five-Year Plan and supplies insightful recommendations on how the country should approach sustainability in the future while maintaining rapid economic growth.

This report is a great resource for policy makers and researchers who desire to grasp the current state of the Peoples Republic of Chinas environmental progress.

Manish Bapna
Executive Vice President and Managing Director
World Resources Institute

Contents

List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes

Abbreviations

Foreword

Acknowledgments

Executive Summary

1. Introduction

2. The Environment and Development Framework

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Pace of Economic Growth and Development

2.3 Sectoral Structure of the Economy

2.4 Energy

2.5 Urbanization

2.6 Future Prospects

3. Natural Resources Management

3.1 Climate and Topography

3.2 Land Resources and Land Degradation

3.3 Biodiversity

3.4 Forests

4. Water and Air Pollution and Solid Waste Management

4.1 Water Quantity and Quality

4.2 Air Quality and Sources of Air Pollution

4.3 Solid Waste

5. The Climate Change Agenda

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Contribution to Climate Change of the Peoples Republic of China

5.3 How the Peoples Republic of China Has Been and Might Be Affected by Climate Change

5.4 The Strategic Position of the Peoples Republic of China on Climate Change

5.5 Climate Change Strategies under the 12th Five-Year Plan (20112015)

5.6 Barriers

5.7 Role of the Asian Development Bank

6. Policy, Institutional, and Fiscal Frameworks for Environmental Protection

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Strategic Framework and the Three Shifts

6.3 The Institutional Framework for Environmental Management and Protection

6.4 Changes in Laws, Regulations, and Related Instruments

6.5 Fiscal Dimensions of Environmental Management

6.6 Conclusion

7. Strategic Framework for Environmental Protection

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Macro-Environmental Strategy of the Ministry of Environmental Protection

7.3 The 11th Five-Year Plan (20062010)

7.4 Environmental Strategy for the 12th Five-Year Plan (20112015)

8. Implications for the Country Partnership Strategy

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Asian Development Banks Assistance Program

8.3 Private Sector Participation in ADBs Environmental Projects

8.4 Environmental Assistance of Other Donors

8.5 Policy and Institutional Issues: Environmental Impact Assessment

8.6 Assessment of ADB Performance in the Peoples Republic of China

8.7 Strategic Directions of the Peoples Republic of China and Possible Areas of ADB Assistance

References

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