Annedore Leber - CONSCIENCE IN REVOLT : sixty-four stories of resistance in germany, 1933-45.

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CONSCIENCE IN REVOLT

Der Widerstand: Dissent and Resistance in the Third Reich

First published 1957 by Westview Press

Published 2021 by Routledge

605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1994 Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Unless otherwise indicated, all photographs in this book were privately owned.

A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN 0-8133-2185-9

ISBN 13: 978-0-3670-0916-8 (hbk)

ISBN 13: 978-0-3671-5903-0 (pbk)

DOI: 10.4324/9780429039027

CONTENTS

by K. D. BRACHER

by ANDREW CHANDLER

by ROBERT BIRLEY

ANTON SCHMAUS

HILDA MONTE

JONATHAN STARK

SOPHIE SCHOLL

HEINZ BELLO

FRIEDRICH KARL KLAUSING

MICHAEL KITZELMANN

FRITZ SOLMITZ

KURT HUBER

NIKOLAUS GROSS

ERICH KNAUF

ADOLF REICHWEIN

WALTHER ARNDT

JOACHIM GOTTSCHALK

LILO GLOEDEN

LOTHAR ERDMANN

GERTRUD SEELE

ERNST HEILMANN

HEINRICH JASPER

HANS SCHIFTAN

JOHANNA KIRCHNER

WILHELM LEUSCHNER

BERNHARD LETTERHAUS

WALTER GEMPP

MARTIN GAUGER

MARIA TERWIEL

FRITZ ELSAS

JOSEPH WIRMER

ERWIN PLANCK

OTTO KARL KIEP

KARL FRIEDRICH GOERDELER

LUDWIG BECK

HANS OSTER

ULRICH-WILHELM GRAF SCHWERIN VON SCHWANENFELD

ERICH KLAUSENER

KARL FRIEDRICH STELLBRINK

BERNHARD LICHTENBERG

EDITH STEIN

MAX JOSEF METZGER

FRIEDRICH JUSTUS PERELS

DIETRICH BONHOEFFER

THEO HESPERS

ALFRED DELP

CARLO MIERENDORFF

THEODOR HAUBACH

FRITZ-DIETLOF GRAF VON DER SCHULENBURG

JULIUS LEBER

CLAUS SCHENK GRAF VON STAUFFENBERG

1. 1. Anton Schmaus
   2. Hilda Monte
   3. Jonathan Stark
   4. Sophie Scholl
   5. Heinz Bello
   6. Friedrich Karl Klausing
   7. Michael Kitzelmann
2. 1. Fritz Solmitz
   2. Kurt Huber
   3. Elisabeth von Thadden
   4. Nikolaus Gross
   5. Erich Knauf
   6. Adolf Reichwein
   7. Walther Arndt
3. 1. Joachim Gottschalk
   2. Lilo Gloeden
   3. Lothar Erdmann
   4. Gertrud Seele
   5. Ernst Heilmann
   6. Willi Hussler
   7. Heinrich Jasper
   8. Hans Schiftan
   9. Johanna Kirchner
   10. Wilhelm Leuschner
   11. Bernhard Letterhaus
4. 1. Walter Gempp
   2. Martin Gauger
   3. Hans von Dohnanyi
   4. Maria Terwiel
   5. Ernst von Harnack
   6. Fritz Elsas
   7. Joseph Wirmer
   8. Berthold Schenck Graf von Stauffenberg
   9. Erwin Planck
   10. Klaus Bonhoeffer
   11. Rdiger Schleicher
5. 1. Adolf von Harnier
   2. Otto Karl Kiep
   3. Karl Friedrich Goerdeler
   4. Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin
   5. Ludwig Beck
   6. Hans Oster
   7. Henning von Tresckow
   8. Ulrich-Wilhelm Graf Schwerin von Schwanenfeld
   9. Peter Graf Yorck von Wartenburg
6. 1. Erich Klausener
   2. Karl Friedrich Stellbrink
   3. Bernhard Lichtenberg
   4. Edith Stein
   5. Max Josef Metzger
   6. Friedrich Justus Perels
   7. Dietrich Bonhoeffer
   8. Theo Hespers
   9. Alfred Delp
   10. Hans-Bernd von Haeften
   11. Helmuth James Graf von Moltke
7. 1. Carlo Mierendorff
   2. Theodor Haubach
   3. Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der Schulenburg
   4. Adam von Trott zu Solz
   5. Julius Leber
   6. Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg

Guide

By K. D. Bracher (Bonn, February 1994)

THIS BOOK, edited by the widow of Julius Leber, leader of the Social Democratic resistance, was collected and written with the assistance of Willy Brandt, the young friend and political heir of Leber, and myself, a contemporary historian and the husband of a niece of Dietrich Bonhoeffer. When first published forty years ago, the story of the German resistance against National Socialism was still little known; at home the resistance was contested and defamed by old and neo-Nazis, and abroad it was only rarely taken seriously. Three years later a second volume of resistance portraits followed: Das Gewissen Entscheidet.

Today, as we debate again how democracy may be defended against its radical enemies in Germany and Europe, Conscience in Revolt reminds us of the continuing dangers of totalitarian ideologies and dictatorial rule. I welcome this new English edition and Andrew Chandlers thoughtful introduction.

An Introduction by Andrew Chandler (Birmingham, 1994)

I

The reality of the German resistance to Hitler has not always appeared clear to those outside the country. During the war against National Socialism it was difficult for many abroad to believe that Hitler was much opposed, if at all, by the Germans themselves. Those who argued that Germany was a society governed against its wishes were hard put to substantiate the case. A few scattered fragments of resistance might come to light, and people might talk vaguely of what they called the Confessional Church, which they had seen as a statement of resistance to the Nazis before the war. They might then invoke the name of Bishop von Galen, whose sermons had been conveyed across Germany by couriers on motorcycles. But even these examples could appear vulnerable to criticism. It was soon known that the celebrated pastor Martin Niemoller, bundled off to a concentration camp by the secret police in 1938 for his stand against German Christianity, had earlier offered his services to the state that now put him in prison. In the Great War he had commanded a U-boat.

English opinion became bitter. The British public saw nothing to suggest that the German people desisted from the evil purposes wrought by their leaders. Instead, Poland was annihilated, Rotterdam was bombed, France fell, and soon the Wehrmacht confronted Britain itself across a bare twenty-one miles of water. When London was bombed it became even more difficult to maintain that any good Germans existed. When in December 1942 the awful truth of the massacre of Jews was acknowledged by the British government in Parliament, those who spoke of good Germans were driven further into retreat.

If on the one hand the idea of a decent Germany appeared hard to justify, those who on the other hand declared that Hitler represented the beliefs of the German people sensed that they stood boldly on ground that was hard to contest. In Britain the hatred of Germans found its prophet in a retired diplomat, Lord Vansittart, whose robust little polemic, Black Record, stated the case pungently. It was Vansittarts argument that Nazism was no accident, looming suddenly out of the fog of history, but rather a natural expression of the German character as history itself had revealed it; indeed, the logical outcome of German history itself. After all, what kind of a people were the Germans? Ardent columnists in newspapers would say that they were a people given to discipline and conformity; when attached to a sinister purpose they became a menace to the world. Where, asked Lord Vansittart, as Nazi crimes accumulated, was there evidence of protest? Hardly a German soul bothersnot even the women. Meanwhile, the British government doubted reports of a resistance movement inside Germany; the government required proof of the movements existence and found none.

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