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Lynn Kwiatkowski - Struggling With Development: The Politics of Hunger and Gender in the Philippines

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Lynn Kwiatkowski Struggling With Development: The Politics of Hunger and Gender in the Philippines
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Struggling with Development

Struggling with Development
The Politics of Hunger and Gender in the Philippines

Lynn M. Kwiatkowski
Struggling With Development The Politics of Hunger and Gender in the Philippines - image 1
First published 1998 by Westview Press
Published 2018 by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright 1998 Taylor & Francis
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 13:978-0-8133-3784-5 (pbk)
ISBN 13:978-0-8133-3708-0 (pbk)
To my mother and father,
Lorraine and Theodore Kwiatkowski,
who taught me the importance of trying to
understand the perspectives of all people
Contents
Tables
Photographs
My most profound gratitude is extended to the numerous Ifugao people who befriended me, assisted me in countless ways in my effort to understand their lives, and took me into their homes and work sites with the utmost openness, generosity, and hospitality. I cannot name all of the Ifugao people who did so much for me during the four years that I lived in Ifugao Province, in order to maintain their confidentiality. I only hope that they each know that my appreciation for them is immense, and that they will always be warmly remembered.
I would like to extend special thanks to my dissertation committee and former professors, who guided and supported me during the writing of my dissertation, from which this ethnography stems. I am especially grateful to Nancy Scheper-Hughes for teaching me to critically deconstruct accepted ways of knowing and thinking, and for her warm support and encouragement. I am also thankful for Jim Andersons guidance and support during my study of Philippine cultures and society. I will always appreciate Judith Justice for leading me toward a critical view of international development practices, and for her assistance and support throughout my research project. I am grateful to Michael Watts for teaching me ways to understand peasants, and for his insightful guidance during my research and the writing of my dissertation. I would also like to thank Fred Dunn, who helped me to understand how culture and biology intersect, and Gerald Berreman, for furthering my study and understanding of social inequality.
I am very grateful for the insightful discussions I had with scholars of Philippine studies while I was living in the Philippines, particularly with Susan D. Russell, June Brett, Michael Tan, Catherine Q. Castaneda, Kiko Datar, Romana de los Reyes, Jeanne Illo, and Lydia Casambre, each of whom I would like to thank for sharing their ideas with me. I am also grateful to the many kind and helpful staff members of the numerous Philippine government, non-government, and international development agencies I met in Ifugao, Baguio City, Manila, and Quezon City, who each extended their assistance, graciousness, and patience to me while conducting my research at their institutions. They assisted me in learning about and understanding their organizations goals, practices, and research, and Philippine society.
I am also deeply indebted to the colleagues and friends who offered insightful suggestions to drafts of my dissertation and book, with special thanks to Sheila Tully, Donna Goldstein, Jiemin Bao, Lanfranco Blanchetti, and Lawrence Cohen for their cogent comments, support, and friendship. Cynthia Keppley Mahmood offered thoughtful and helpful comments and generous support of this project. Mark Moberg and David Gartman provided me with much appreciated guidance and encouragement during the fmal years of writing my ethnography.
Karl Yambert of Westview Press made the publication of this ethnography possible with his strong support and guidance throughout the process of writing the final manuscript. Jennifer Chen, also of Westview Press, was always patient and helpful in aiding me with the development of the text. Martin L. Lasater provided a keen reading of the original manuscript and excellent editorial assistance.
To my parents Lorraine and Theodore Kwiatkowski, to whom this book is dedicated, brother John, sister Jane, and relatives, I extend my deepest gratitude for their constant encouragement. I thank Pia Ferrer and her family for the tremendous hospitality and generosity they offered to me during my visits to Manila. I am grateful to Ellen Gunty, Nadine Fernandez, Liz London, Brian Doucette, Jane Margold, Rip and Alison Anzalone, and Dale Buscher for their friendship, strength, and encouragement while I wrote my dissertation. I would also like to thank the many other friends, both in the Philippines and in the United States, who were so generous to me, and who made my research in the Philippines and the writing of this ethnography both possible and enjoyable. I offer my fullest appreciation to all of them.
I am especially grateful to Neill Matheson for his insightful advice, intellectual inspiration, and unending encouragement which provided me with the support I needed to accomplish the publication of this ethnography.
My initial field research visit in 1990, and my later follow-up field research visit in 1993, were both supported by the Jacob K. Javits Fellows Program and two grants from the University of California at Berkeley, Office of the Dean of the Graduate Division. The majority of my research, conducted in 1992, was made possible by a Fulbright-Hays Fellowship, administered by the Philippine-American Educational Foundation, to which I am grateful for funding and facilitating my research in the Philippines. I was affiliated with the Institute of Philippine Culture, at Ateneo de Manila University, during my 1992 research, where I enjoyed the assistance and support of the Institute staff. Upon returning to the University of California, the writing of my dissertation was funded by the Jacob K. Javits Fellows Program. The University of South Alabama provided me with financial and administrative support during the fmal phase of writing and publishing my ethnography. I am truly grateful for the financial and administrative support that I received from each of these organizations, without which this ethnography would not have been possible.
All personal and place names have not been used in this ethnography, in order to protect the identity of persons with whom I worked in Ifugao.
Lynn M. Kwiatkowski
Struggling with Development

Introduction
Malnutrition and unequal access to food remain as severe problems in most non-industrialized countries, despite development intervention in these countries for almost a century.1 In this book, I will analyze the problem of malnutrition primarily in relation to gender and development ideology and practices in upland Ifugao communities, located on Northern Luzon island of the Philippines. My aim, based upon research conducted primarily in the early 1990s, is to show how western derived and oriented biomedical and international development programs, as historically specific cultural forces, have not substantially alleviated malnutrition in the Philippines.2 Instead, the programs have more often ignored and perpetuated or extended social structures of inequality (particularly socioeconomic, gender, and ethnic inequality) that are the fundamental causes of malnutrition. While structures of inequality operated on the local level within Ifugao, each was influenced by those operating at national and international levels (such as social class, international economic relationships, etc.).
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