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Changes and Continuities in Chinese Communism: Volume I: Ideology, Politics, and Foreign Policy
Author:
Yuming Shaw
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Routledge
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2019
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Changes and Continuities in Chinese Communism

Volume I: Ideology, Politics, and Foreign Policy

Published in cooperation with the Institute of International Relations, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China

First published 1988 by Westview Press

Published 2018 by Routledge

52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Changes and continuities in Chinese communism.

Contents: v. 1. Ideology, politics, and foreign
policyv. 2. The economy, society, and technology.

1. CommunismChinaHistory. 2. ChinaPolitics
and government1949 . 3. ChinaSocial
conditions1976 . I. Shaw, Yu-ming.

HX418.5.C473 1988 951.05 87-15928

ISBN 0-8133-7411-1 (v. 1)

ISBN 0-8133-7423-5 (v. 2)

ISBN 13: 978-0-367-01398-1 (hbk)

Contents

Part One
Methodology

Alan P.L. Liu

, Thomas A. Metzger

Ramon H. Myers

Part Two
Ideology

, James C. Hsiung

, Peter R. Moody, Jr.

, An-chia Wu

Part Three
Party and Politics

, June Teufel Dreyer

, David M. Lampton

, Bih-rong Liu

, Lowell Dittmer

, Hsing Kuo-chiang

James T. Myers

Part Four
Foreign Affairs

, King C. Chen

, Thomas W. Robinson

, Donald S. Zagoria

, Harold C. Hinton

Stanton Jue

Peter Kien-hong Yu

, Donald W. Klein

, Robert G. Sutter

, Yu San Wang

Guide

Part One
Methodology

1
How Can We Evaluate Communist Chinas Political System Performance?

Alan P.L. Liu

For quite some time and, to a certain extent, even at present in American scholarly circles, evaluation of the performance of the Chinese Communist political system has been everybodys utopia. Some U.S. China specialists, before the availability of reliable information, had reached the firm verdict that the Maoist model had opened a new path to development and that both developing and developed nations ought to learn from it.

These obviously false and even absurd notions about mainland China call forth a serious evaluation of the performance of the Communist political system since its inception in 1950. A second reason for making such an evaluation is that the present leaders on mainland China themselves have sought to sum up their experience of the first thirty years in order to learn from the past and embark on a new path of national development. Indeed those starry-eyed writers in the West concerning the PRC might well benefit from a reading of the Communist Partys own evaluation of the Mao era. A third reason for a scholarly evaluation of the mainland Chinese political system is to provide a reference framework for an assessment of the reform measures that post-Mao leaders have carried out since 1979.

To evaluate the performance of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), I shall combine a number of concepts that have been suggested by scholars in comparative politics for evaluating the performance of a government. The main framework that I rely on is the three-dimension scheme on the productivity of political systems developed by Almond and Powell, Moreover, an evaluation of any political system will not be complete if we do not take into account what the founders or leaders of a particular political system set out to do. To put it bluntly, we must hold leaders accountable to their promises. Subsequent analysis will combine all these references, though the scheme by Almond and Powell serves as the main frame.

System Goods

In evaluating the performance of a political system, Almond and Powell make use of the concept of political goods suggested by Pennock. Political goods, according to Pennock, refer to the consequences of outputsconsequences for the people, for the society as a whole, or for some subset other than the polity, as, for instance, the economy or the family. Whereas Pennocks political goods seem to be specifically related to public policy,

Table 1.1 The Productivity of Political Systems

Classes of Political Goods		Domestic Goods	International Goods

System goods	System maintenance	Regularity and predictability of processes and content	Regularity and preditability in international interaction
System adaptation	Structural and cultural adaptability in response to domestic environmental challenges and opportunities	Structural and cultural adaptability in response to international environmental challenges and opportunities
Process goods	Participation	Instrumental activity for domestic outputs	Instrumental activity for foreign outputs
Activity directly productive of sense of efficacy and dignity	Activity directly productive of sense of efficacy and cignity through patriotic or international input
Compliance and support	Instrumental (sanctionavoiding) compliance with law	Instrumental (sanctionavoiding) performance of military and other foreign duties
Fulfillment of duty, opportunities for service, achievement	Opportunities for patriotic service and/or international service
Procedural justice	Equality before the law	Respect for international law and procedure
Equitable procedure	Encouragement of procedural justice abroad
Policy goods	Welfare	Growth per capita; quantity and composition	Growth; creation of externalities
Distributive equity	Distributibve equity; facilitation of trade, growth, and welfare abroad
Security	Safety of person and property	National security
Public order	Contribution to international conflict resolution
Liberty	Freedom from regulation	Respect for the autonomy of other nations
Protection of privacy	Encouragement of domestic liberty abroad

Source : Adapted from Almond and Powell, Comparative Politics , 398.

To sum up, the first type of political goods that a political system must produce is system goods, which consist of system maintenance and adaptation. Specifically, we must evaluate a polity in terms of (1) its capacity to change structure and performance in order to cope more effectively with environmental challenges and opportunities, (2) the achievement of the foregoing with efficiency, that is, a favorable relationship between benefits and costs, and (3) a sense of regular order and constructive responses to challenge. Almond and Powell regard the last taskregularity and constructive response to challengeas the direct consumer goods produced by a political system: The sense that things are in their proper place on earth and in heaven may be a direct output to consumers. The world acquires a familiar structure and process to which people can adaptthe social orders, ranks, and role incumbents behave appropriately. Interruptions and serious deviations in these routines and behaviors create uneasiness and arouse anxiety; there is a decline in the productivity of orderliness.

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