Douglas J. Besharov - Family and Child Well-Being After Welfare Reform

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Family and Child Well-Being After Welfare Reform

Family and Child Well-Being After Welfare Reform

Douglas J. Besharov

EDITOR

First published 2003 by Transaction Publishers

Published 2017 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2003044788

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Family and child well-being after welfare reform / edited by Douglas J. Besharov.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7658-0188-4 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Welfare recipientsUnited States. 2. Child welfareUnited States. 3. Poor familiesUnited States. 4. Problem familiesUnited States. 5. Public welfareGovernment policyUnited States. I. Besharov, Douglas J.
HV699F243 2003
362.7'0973dc21

2003044788

ISBN 13: 978-0-7658-0845-5 (pbk)

To Jerry M. Wiener,
friend and teacher

Contents

Douglas J. Besharov and Peter Germanis

Douglas J. Besharov and Peter Germanis

Peter H. Rossi

Richard Bavier

Wendy D. Manning

Wade F. Horn

Isabel V. Sawhill

Richard J. Gelles

John C. Weicher

Lorraine V. Klerman

Harold S. Beebout

Lawrence W. Sherman

Peter Reuter

Julia B. Isaacs

Don Winstead and Ann McCormick

Douglas J. Besharov and Peter H. Rossi

Welfares Growth and Decline, 19362002

What Are Welfare Leavers Doing? 19972000

Poverty Rates for Children and Elderly, 19692001

Poverty Rates for Elderly, Children with Couples, 90 and Children with Female Householders, 19692001

Children Living in Two-Parent Families, 19702002

Official and Experimental Poverty Rates for Children, 19792001

Child Poverty Rates, Actual and Predicted, 19602001

Change in Child Poverty Rates, Actual and Predicted, 19602001

Change in AFDC/TANF Caseload, Actual and Predicted, 19652001

Employment of Female Family Heads with Children, 19802002

Post-Tax Cash and Non-Cash Household Incomeof Female Family Heads with Children, 19932001

Monthly Income of AFDC/TANF Leavers: Thirds Ranked by Post-Exit Income

Simulated Monthly Poverty Rates of AFDC/TANF Leavers

Living Arrangements of Children in Unmarried-Mother Families, 1999

Children Who Will Ever Live in a Cohabiting Household, 19901994 Cohort

Child Poverty Rates in Unmarried-Mother Families by Living Arrangement, 1989

Child Poverty Rates in Unmarried-Mother Families by Race/Ethnicity, 1989

Predicted Probability of AFDC Receipt by Family Structure, 19851994

Child Poverty Rates by Living Arrangement, 1998

Increase in Child Poverty Attributable to the Growth of Female-Headed Families, 19701996

Children in Female-Headed Families Whose Mothers Are Divorced vs. Never-Married

Percent of Births to Unmarried Women, 19802000

Nonmarital Births by Mothers Age, 2000

Nonmarital Births by Mothers Age, 1995

Teen and Nonmarital Births by Race/Ethnicity and Immigrant Status, 2000

Percent of Nonmarital Births by Mothers Age, 2000

Teen Birth Rates, Age 15-19, 19722000

Teen Pregnancy and Abortion Rates, Age 15-19, 19721996

Prevalence of Maltreatment under the Harm Standard, 1980, 1986, and 1993

Rates from Maltreatment under the Harm Standard, 1980, 1986, and 1993

Child Victimization Rates, 19902000

Child Fatalities, 19852000

Child Fatality Rates, 1985 and 19942000

Housing Quality, 19781995

Housing Space, 19781995

Housing Affordability, 19781995

Past-Year Drug Use, 19792001

Daily Marijuana Use and 30-Day Cocaine Prevalence of Use, 19752000

Cocaine and Heroin Emergency Room Mentions, 19822001

Drug Use among D.C. Juvenile Arrestees, 19872000

Percent of Children Served in All Types of Care, FY 2000

Family and Household Income for Female Heads of Primary Families, Related Subfamilies, or Unrelated Subfamilies with Children, 19932001 (in 2001 dollars)

Quintiles of Monthly Pre-Tax Money Income Plus Food Stamps, 19931999 and 2001 (in 2001 dollars)

Quarterly Expenditures of Female Unit Heads with Children, 19922000 (in 2000 dollars)

Characteristics of Female Unit Heads with Children, March 1998 Current Population Survey (CPS) and 1997 Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE)

Characteristics of Female Unit Heads with Children, Bottom Quintile of Income, March 1998 Current Population Survey (CPS) and Bottom Quintile of Expenditures, 1997 Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE)

Multipurpose Sources of Welfare Data

StateBased Welfare Data

Welfare Reform Evaluative Studies

Data on Fertility and Family Living Arrangements

Data on Child Maltreatment and Foster Care

Surveys on Housing and Homelessness

Surveys on Childrens Health

Surveys on Nutrition and Hunger

Data on Crime

Data on Drug Use

Data on Child Care

Explanations for Declining Welfare Caseloads 19941999

Examples of Marriage Promotion Activities

Housing Quality Measures

Major HHS Welfare Reform Experiments

This volume reflects the knowledge and good judgment of many people. Eugene Lewit and Margie K. Shields at the David and Lucile Packard Foundation provided early encouragement and critical support for the development of this book. Substantial support from the Smith Richardson Foundation and the American Enterprise Institute helped turn the original papers into this publication. Peter Germanis, my dear and valued colleague, skillfully reviewed the papers for content and suggested substantive and editorial changes.

Staff at the University of Maryland and the American Enterprise Institute performed the essential administrative, editing, and fact-checking tasks with great care and good humor. Betsy Allen helped organize the initial effort and lined up the authors. Eric Weingart, Christina Imholt, and Kerri Smith, with the assistance of Caroline Polk and Susan Freis, edited the papers and developed the typographic design. Anne Shi, Christopher Brown, and Patrick Ruffini perfected the graphic design and produced the figures. Anne Schneider, our editor at Transaction Publishers, kept us on schedule and encouraged us to aim for the highest quality publication.

Most of all, we are indebted to the authors themselves, who have made this an informative and thought-provoking volume that promises to strengthen future efforts to monitor the well-being of low-income families and their children.

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