Tanisha M. Fazal - State Death: The Politics and Geography of Conquest, Occupation, and Annexation

STATE DEATH

THE POLITICS AND GEOGRAPHY
OF CONQUEST, OCCUPATION, AND ANNEXATION

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD

Published by Princeton University Press,

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In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press,

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Fazal, Tanisha M.

State death : the politics and geography of conquest, occupation, and annexation /
Tanisha M. Fazal.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-0-691-12986-0 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-691-12986-X (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-13: 978-0-691-13460-4 (paperback : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-691-13460-X (paperback : alk. paper)
1. GeopoliciticsHistory20th century. 2. Political geography. 3. Buffer states. 4. Sovereigntyhistory. I. Title.

JC319.F39 2007
327.117 dc22

2006101828

British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available

This book has been composed in Sabon
Printed on acid-free paper.
press.princeton.edu

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

TO MY GRANDPARENTS:

ALEXANDRINE, MARIAM, PABLO, AND SHAMSHU

Chapter 1
Introduction

Chapter 2
Definitions and Patterns

Chapter 3
Location, Location, and Timing

Chapter 4
Quantitative Analysis of State Death

Chapter 5
Buffer State Death and Survival Prior to 1945

Chapter 6
Resurrection

Chapter 7
State Death and Intervention after 1945

Chapter 8
Conclusion

When I decided to research state death, I knew that understanding this phenomenon would require a long, arduous journey. I was right: from late nights in Palo Alto, Cambridge, and New York to dusty archives in Aix, London, and Austin, I have learned more and slept less than I would have ever anticipated. What I did not expect was that the journey would hold such joy for me. I attribute this in part to my good luck in being able to do what I love doing, but mostly to the wonderful people who have helped me through this process. I regret only that I am sure to omit many of them in what follows, and hope that they will accept my apology for doing so.

At Stanford, where I began researching state death for my dissertation, I was extraordinarily lucky to have Scott Sagan and Steve Krasner as cochairs of my dissertation committee. Both gave consistently sage advice, supporting me every step of the way. I am particularly grateful for Scotts thoughtful and caring mentorshiphe is the best model I know as both teacher and scholar, and I will be striving to emulate him throughout my career. Jim Fearon, who joined the Stanford faculty after I began research, nonetheless had a remarkable impact on this project, sharpening my thinking about the issues at hand every time we spoke. And Simon Jack-man was incredibly patient with my deluge of questions about duration analysis and quantitative methods in general. My cohort at Stanford, especially Anu Kulkarni, Svetlana Tsalik, Sybil Rhodes, Sara Pritchard, Sean Theriault, Ron Hassner, Will Howell, and Dave Lewis, were critical and generous sounding boards throughout my graduate career. By the time my dissertation had begun to take form, I was spending most of my time at Stanfords Center for International Security and Cooperation, which served as a wonderful home for me as I conducted predoctoral research. Conversations with two groups of fellows at CISAC, including Risa Brooks, David Edelstein, Ann Hironaka, Jeremy Suri, and Barry ONeill, shaped my thinking about state death in critical ways. And Lynn Edens support and friendship were key bulwarks from the time I first stepped into Galvez House to cleaning out my desk in Encina upon graduation.

During a postdoctoral year at the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, I was fortunate to continue to receive valuable feedback from Monica Duffy Toft, Steve Rosen, Ajin Choi, Jacques Hymans, and Kevin Narizny, among other colleagues. I am also grateful to participants in seminars and workshops at the University of California San Diego, Yale University, the George Washington University, the University of Chicago, the University of Virginia Law School, Georgetown University, and Duke University.

I completed this book as an assistant professor at Columbia University, where I have found an unparalleled intellectual home. My colleagues at Columbia are tremendous. Dick Betts, Bob Jervis, Jack Snyder, Helen Milner, Erik Gartzke, Vicky Murillo, and Melissa Schwartzberg were extremely generous with their time, reading all or part of the manuscript and offering insightful comments that forced me to rethink many key issues. Page Fortna deserves special thanks (not to mention a lifetime of free hot chocolate) for reading the manuscript twice. I also thank Ingrid Gerstmann and the staff at the Saltzman Institute for helping to make my new intellectual home such a welcoming place. I have been very lucky in my research assistants at Columbia. Brooke Greene, Suzanne Katzenstein, Thania Sanchez, and Jessica Stanton provided valuable and careful help at key moments in the project. Elizabeth Cardente collected data on terrain used in the quantitative analysis, and Bernd Beber used his mastery of GIS to produce the maps in the book.

I have been extremely fortunate in my colleagues and friends outside my home institutions, especially Nora Bensahel, Risa Brooks, David Edelstein, Marty Finnemore, Taylor Fravel, Hein Goemans, Peter Liber-man, Mike Tomz, Ben Valentino, and Chris Way. All were very generous with their time and made important contributions to the argument of this book. Beth McFadden provided outstanding editorial assistance, and Natalie Ciccone was most helpful in identifying possible images for the book cover. The anonymous reviewers of the manuscript provided invaluable comments that made this work a much better book. I also thank Chuck Myers, Terri OPrey, and Will Hively at Princeton University Press for their support and especially their understanding of the challenges of juggling the preproduction and postpartum processes. Chuck deserves special kudos for patiently shepherding this project through to its completion.

For financial support, I thank the Carnegie Corporation, the Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanfords Social Science History Institute and Institute for International Stucies, Harvards Olin Institute, the MacArthur Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, Columbias Earth Institute, the National Science Foundation, and the Lane Foundation. Portions of this book appeared in an earlier form as State Death in the International System, International Organization 58.2 (April 2004): 31144, published here with the permission of Cambridge University Press.

I am also profoundly grateful for support I have received outside academia. My parents, Maydene and Abul Fazal, have always believed in my ability to achieve my intellectual and professional goals. My sister, Shaena, has consistently buoyed me with wit and enthusiasm. And finally, my husband, Louis Ciccone, has been my rock every step of the way from the first paper on state death to the final version of this book. He has patiently read and commented on innumerable drafts and pushed and probed me to solve every problem he (and others) raised. He and our son, Tagore, bring more joy and laughter into my life than I could have ever imagined possible.