Lars Rowe - Industry, War and Stalins Battle for Resources: The Arctic and the Environment

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Industry, War and Stalins Battle for Resources

For Elana and Sammy

Industry, War and Stalins Battle for Resources

The Arctic and the Environment

Lars Rowe

Contents

The nickel plant in Kolosjoki

Kolosjoki with nickel works seen from vantage point along Arctic Highway

The sight that met advancing Soviet troops. The Kolosjoki nickel plant was demolished by retreating German soldiers in October 1944

German soldiers atop the river bank shortly before dam in Niskakoski is destroyed, October 1944

The dam in Jniskoski destroyed by retreating German troops, October 1944. Cascades of water push through the breaches. Photo: Archive Rune Rautio.

The power plant and dam in Jniskoski before demolition, 1944

The Jniskoski power plant shortly before demolition in October 1944

Construction work in Jniskoski

Maps

The Pasvik valley and surroundings.

FinnishSoviet border in 1939 and 1944.

Industrial network in Pechenga 1944.

Sea voyage MurmanskPechenga.

The Jniskoski area.

Table

Production of Nickel Ore and Nickel Matte in Nikel 194853

Several people have assisted me in the completion of this book. First, I would like to express gratitude to my previous employer, the Fridtjof Nansen Institute, and more specifically colleagues Geir Hnneland and Claes Lykke Ragner. Thanks to Geir for unfailingly and patiently supporting me, also through less productive periods, and to Claes for providing the original maps of Pechenga and surroundings. Rune Rautio has generously allowed me to pick images from his photo archive. I am indebted to Anne-Kristin Jrgensen, Jan Srensen, Frode Nilssen and Pavel (Pasha) Golovin for making stays in Moscow a lot easier and more enjoyable than they could have been. I have been professionally and efficiently assisted by the staff at RGAE and RGASPI. The author of an early reference work on Petsamo, Professor H. Peter Krosby, welcomed me in his home at an initial stage of this project. His advice and authorship have guided my studies. Professor Helge Pharo has alerted me to references and contexts that were obvious to him, not me. The text is much richer for it.

My mentor and good friend Professor Sven Holtsmark calmly but relentlessly pushed me to make additional investigations when something in the text seemed off to him. He never counts the substantial number of hours he devotes to improving my work. I always come away from my conversations with Sven feeling inspired, bolstered and better prepared. For all this, I am deeply obliged.

Most of all, I am thankful for the support of my wife and companion Elana. Not knowing how to express the full extent of my gratitude, I simply dedicate this work to her and our first-born, Samuel.

Hlen,
winter 2020, Lars Rowe

The research for this book was funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Defense.

BRIZ	Byuro ratsionalizatsii i izobretatelstva (bureau of rationalization and development a standard component in Soviet enterprises)
d. (in notes)	delo (Russian archival unit (file))
ed.khr. (in notes)	edinitsa khraneniya (Russian archival unit, same as delo (file))
Glavalyuminstroi	Glavnoe upravlenie po stroitelstvu predpriyatii alyuminievoi i magnievoi promyshlennosti (Directorate for Construction of Aluminum and Magnesium Enterprises)
Glavnikelkobalt	Glavnoe upravlenie nikelevoi i kobaltovoi promyshlennosti (Directorate for Nickel and Cobalt Industries)
GKO	Gosudarstvennyi Komitet Oborony (State Defense Committee)
Gosplan	State Planning Agency
GULag	Glavnoe upravlenie ispravitelno-trudovykh lagerei, trudovykh poselenii i mest zaklyucheniya (Directorate for Administration of Labor Camps)
INCO	International Nickel Company of Canada, Limited
ITR	Inzhenerno-tekhnicheskie rabotniki (engineering-technical staff)
l. (in notes)	sheet number in Russian file
MID	Ministerstvo innostrannykh del (Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
Minelektrostantsii	Ministerstvo stroitelstva elektrostantsii (Ministry for Power Station Construction)
Mintsvetmet	Ministerstvo tsvetnoi metallurgii (Ministry for Non-ferrous Metallurgy)
MVD	Minsterstvo vneshnykh del (Ministry of Internal Affairs)
navedenie kultury	bringing culture. A normative Soviet way of expressing the need for raising the workers standards for tidiness in the workplace and in living quarters
oblast	Soviet/Russian administrative unit, county
orgnabor	organizatsionnyi nabor (organized recruitment form of forced placement of labourers)
osvoenie severa	settling of the North, the drive in the 1930s to explore northern areas of Soviet Eurasia
PNO	Petsamon Nikkeli OY (Petsamo Nickel Company, subsidiary to Mond Nickel/INCO)
prikaz	order issued by minister or ministry
propusk	personal permit to enter (a territory, building etc.)
raion	Soviet/Russian administrative unit, municipality
raskulachivanie	de-kulakization, campaign to eradicate the class of landowning farmers (the kulaks)
RGAE	Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Ekonomiki (Russian State Archive of the Economy)
RGASPI	Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsialnoi i Politicheskoi Istorii (Russian State Archive for Socio-Political History)
Torgpredstvo	trade representation (often at embassies)
Ushossdor	Upravlenie shosseinykh dorog (highway management)
VLKSM	Vsesoyuznii Leninskii Kommunisticheskii Soyuz Molodezhi (A ll-Union Leninist Communist Youth Organization, also known as Komsomol)
Vneshtorg	Ministry of Foreign Trade
vozhd	chieftain, the Soviet informal but honorific title for Stalin as the General Secretary of the Communist Party
zakazchik	customer
zamtorgpred	deputy trade representative (Soviet diplomatic post)
zemlyanki	earth dugouts
zhilaya ploshchad	living space Soviet term used to denote number of square metres available per inhabitant.

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