John Cathie - European Food Aid Policy

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EUROPEAN FOOD AID POLICY

European Food Aid Policy

John Cathie
Agricultural Economics Unit/Department of Land Economy University of Cambridge

First published 1997 by Ashgate Publishing

Reissued 2018 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright John Cathie 1997

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Publisher's Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact.

A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 97070895

ISBN 13: 978-1-138-31093-3 (hbk)

ISBN 13: 978-1-138-31097-1 (pbk)

ISBN 13: 978-0-429-45913-9 (ebk)

Contents

1. Chapter One:
   The background to and the establishment of the European food aid programme
2. Chapter Two:
   The development of a European food aid policy since 1968
3. Chapter Three:
   Agricultural trade policy, European food aid and surplus disposal
4. Chapter Four:
   The formulation and management of European Union food aid policies and programmes 1968-1994
5. Chapter Five:
   Multilateral food aid policy, non-governmental aid organisations and the food aid policy of the European Union
6. Chapter Six:
   Recipients of European food aid and its effectiveness as a development resource

1. Chapter One:
   The background to and the establishment of the European food aid programme
2. Chapter Two:
   The development of a European food aid policy since 1968
3. Chapter Three:
   Agricultural trade policy, European food aid and surplus disposal
4. Chapter Four:
   The formulation and management of European Union food aid policies and programmes 1968-1994
5. Chapter Five:
   Multilateral food aid policy, non-governmental aid organisations and the food aid policy of the European Union
6. Chapter Six:
   Recipients of European food aid and its effectiveness as a development resource

Guide

Over the many years that I have studied food aid and food security problems, issues and policies, many individuals and organisations have given freely of encouragement, criticism and advice. I am particularly indebted to I M Sturgess, Director of the Agricultural Economics Unit, and Professor M Grant, both of the Department of Land Economy for their support for this study.

John Cathie

• ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific group of seventy countries, signatories of the EU Lome Convention
• ADB Africa Development Bank
• ASI International Solidarity Association, French acronym for NGO
• CAP Common Agricultural Policy of the EU
• CCC Commodity Credit Corporation of the US Department of Agriculture
• CCP Committee in Commodity Problems (FAO)
• CEEC Central and Eastern European Countries
• CSD Committee on Surplus Disposal (FAO)
• CUP Customs Union Policy of the EU
• DAC Development Assistance Committee (OECD)
• DG Directorate Genera! of the European Union
• ECHO European Community Humanitarian Office
• ECU European Currency Unit
• EDF European Development Fund
• EFTA European Free Trade Area
• EU/EC/EEC European Union (also known prior to the Maastricht Treaty as EC, Economic Community, EEC, European Economic Community)
• ERP European Recovery Programme (Marshall Plan)
• FAC Food Aid Convention (of the International Wheat Agreements)
• FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation of United Nations
• FFHC Freedom from Hunger Campaign of the FAO
• FSR Former Soviet Republics
• GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (now known as the WTO)
• GIEWS Global Information and Early Warning System of FAO
• GSP Generalised System of Preferences
• IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
• ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
• IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
• IEFR International Emergency Food Reserve of the WFP
• IMF International Monetary Fund
• INTERFAIS International Food Aid Information System of WFP
• IWA International Wheat Agreement(s)
• IWC International Wheat Council
• LRCS League of Red Cross (Red Crescent) Societies
• NDDB National Dairy Development Board (Operation Flood India)
• MSF Medecins sans Frontieres (French NGO)
• NGO Non-governmental Organisations (also known as NGDO, non-governmental development organisations and NGAOs non-governmental aid organisations)
• NOHA Network on Humanitarian Assistance
• ODA Official Development Assistance
• ODA Overseas Development Administration of the UK
• OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
• OJ Official Journal of the EU
• PL 480 Public Law 480, United States Food Aid Programme
• SADCC Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference
• SADC Southern African Development Community (successor to SADCC)
• SMP Skimmed milk powder
• UMRs Usual Marketing Requirements
• UNCTAD The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
• UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees
• UNRWA United National Relief and Works Agency (Palestine Refugees)
• USDA United States Department of Agriculture
• USAID United States Agency for International Development
• WB World Bank
• WFC World Food Council
• WFC World Food Conference (1974)
• WFP World Food Programme of the United Nations
• WTO World Trade Organisation (successor to GATT)

Over the last thirty years the food aid policy that has emerged in Europe and associated with the European Union (EU), is a part of the European economic and political integration process that emerged after the Second World War. Food aid has come to play a prominent role as one of the few community-wide economic aid policies that has a distinctive European character and identity and is operated on behalf of the union as a whole by the Commission and the Council of Ministers as a coherent policy, separate from that operated by the member states in their own food aid projects, programmes, humanitarian, emergency and relief operations.

While the Community has a common trade and agricultural policy which has developed over the past thirty-six years, other areas of common policy, such as monetary, fiscal, exchange rate, foreign and defence spheres have emerged in an erratic and often fragmented form and not embracing all the members of the European community. The process of economic and political integration has gone through many different stages over the past three and a half decades, where common policies and agreement have resulted in a kind of convergence of direction and singular aim and objectives. This process has not of course been linear and free from dispute, delays and direction changes, as compromise has narrowed the range of options for the nation states to converge their economic, social and political structures and policies.

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