Raghav Sharma - Nation, Ethnicity and the Conflict in Afghanistan: Political Islam and the Rise of Ethno-Politics 1992-1996

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Nation, Ethnicity and the
Conflict in Afghanistan

Ethnic and tribal loyalties in Afghanistan provided the lethal cocktail for the violent conflict that engulfed the country following the collapse of the Soviet backed government in 1992. The ensuing fighting between mujahideen groups paved the way for the tectonic social and political shifts that continue to shape events today. What accounts for the emergence of ethnicity, as the main cause of conflict in Afghanistan? What moved people to respond with such fervour and intensity to calls for ethnic solidarity?

This book attempts to make sense of ethnicitys decisive role in Afghanistan through a comprehensive exploration of its nature and perception. Based on new data, generated through interviews, field notes and participant observations, Sharma maps the increased role of ethnicity in Afghan national politics. Key social, political and historical processes that facilitated its emergence as the pre-dominant fault line of conflict are explored, moving away from grand political and military narrative to instead engage with zones of conflict as social spaces. This book will be of interest to students and scholars working in politics, ethnic studies and security studies.

Raghav Sharma is an Assistant Professor at the Jindal School of International Affairs, O.P Jindal Global University, India. He is also the Director of the Jindal Center on Afghanistan Studies.

Nation, Ethnicity and the
Conflict in Afghanistan

Political Islam and the rise of
ethno-politics 19921996

Raghav Sharma

First published 2017
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2017 Raghav Sharma

The right of Raghav Sharma to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Sharma, Raghav.
Title: Nation, ethnicity and the conflict in Afghanistan : political Islam and the rise of ethnopolitics 19921996 / Raghav Sharma.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016002030| ISBN 9781472471475 (hardback) | Subjects: LCSH: AfghanistanPolitics and government19892001. | Afghanistan Ethnic relations. | Ethnic conflict Political aspects Afghanistan. | Islam and politics Afghanistan. | Islamic fundamentalism Afghanistan.
Classification: LCC DS371.3 .S54 2016 | DDC 958.104/6 dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016002030

ISBN: 978-1-4724-7147-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-3155-9740-9 (ebk)

Typeset in Times New Roman
by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon, UK

Contents

Figures

Tables

Dostum, Abdul Rashid: Born in 1954, a native of Jowzjan province. He began his career in the state owned gas refinery in Shiberghan. Initially armed to command a small group of 1012 men to defend the gas facility he steadily rose through the ranks of the armed forces to eventually command the most powerful and mobile militia comprising 20,00040,000 men that fought the mujahideen on behalf of the Kabul government. He was awarded the rank of a four star General. In 1992 he turned against his former patron Dr Najibullah and joined hands with Ahmad Shah Massoud to topple the communist government in Kabul. He founded a political party by the name of Junbish-i-Milli-ye-Islami, which espoused the cause of ethnic Uzbeks and Turkmens. He also runs a TV channel and a foundation for sponsoring studies for students largely in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan. He has forged alliances with every possible political formation in the country. Presently he is serving as the vice President in the National Unity Government headed by President Mohammad Ashraf Ghani and Chief Executive Dr Abdullah Abdullah.

Hizb-i-Islami: An Islamist party, founded in 1977 by Engineer Gulubuddin Hekmatyar and Maulvi Yunus Khalis. By 1979 the party split into two factions headed by Khalis and Hekmatyar respectively. The latter faction emerged as the favoured recipient of arms and money from the US through its allies Pakistan and Saudi Arabia up until 1994. Notably it was the only Islamist party that vocally advocated elections for choosing the new government in Kabul.

Hizb-i-Wahadat: The Hizb-i-Wahadat (Unity Party) was formed under the auspices of Iran in 1988, bringing together all Shia parties under one political and organizational umbrella under the leadership of Abdul Ali Mazaari. The party claimed to champion the cause of Shia-Hazaras in Afghanistan and fought pitched battles in Kabul between 1992 and 1996 and subsequently against the Taliban. It split into four different factions.

Jamiat-i-Islami: An Islamist party founded by Professor Buhranuddin Rabbani while teaching at Kabul University. It is one of the oldest Islamist parties in the country and emerged as a powerful politicalmilitary front in the years of anti-Soviet resistance. The party has over the years come to be closely identified with the Tajik ethnic constituency and remains strong in the North-eastern parts of the country.

Kufi, Fauzia: Member of the Wolsei Jirga since 2002. She is presently serving her second term as Member of Wolsei Jirga. She has been elected twice, in 2005 and 2010, to the lower house of the Afghan parliament from Badakshan province. Although elected as an independent candidate, politically she is close to the Jamiat-i-Islami. Prior to her plunge into politics, Ms Kufi has worked for UN agencies in Badakshan and taught English language at the University of Badakshan. She is a widow with two daughters; in 2003 she lost her husband to tuberculosis, which he contracted while in incarceration under the Taliban.

Mousavi, Sayed Askar: A well-known Afghan-Hazara intellectual. He has written extensively on Hazara history and culture and also taught at the American University of Afghanistan, Kabul. Presently he serves as Advisor to the Minster of Higher Education, Kabul.

Sharifi, Omar: Dr Omar Sharifi currently serves as Director, American Institute for Afghan studies. Prior to this he has served as Head of Research for Foundation for Culture and Civil society and as Director for the Open Media Fund, Afghanistan. Dr Sharifi was born and brought up in Kabul. He stayed on in his native Kabul through all the years of violent conflict and turmoil. He is a qualified medical doctor and also holds a graduate degree in Cultural Anthropology from the University of Columbia.

Spanta, Rangin Dadfar: Rangin Dadfar Spanta is a native of Herat province. He fled Afghanistan following the Soviet invasion, eventually settling down in West Germany as a refugee where he was active in the Green party. He holds a doctorate in Political Science from the University of Aachen, Germany where he also taught for a number of years. Prior to taking up his first Ministerial assignment as Foreign Minister in 2006 he taught at the University of Kabul. He served as Foreign Minister and subsequently as the National Security Advisor in the government of former Afghan President Hamid Karzai.

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