Martin Mowforth - The Violence of Development: Resource Depletion, Environmental Crises and Human Rights Abuses in Central America

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The Violence of Development

The Violence of
Development

Resource Depletion, Environmental
Crises and Human Rights Abuses
in Central America

Martin Mowforth

First published 2014 by Pluto Press

345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA

www.plutobooks.com

Distributed in the United States of America exclusively by

Palgrave Macmillan, a division of St. Martins Press LLC,

175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010

Copyright Martin Mowforth 2014

The right of Martin Mowforth to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN978 0 7453 3393 9Hardback

ISBN978 0 7453 3394 6Paperback

ISBN978 1 7837 1035 5PDF eBook

ISBN978 1 7837 1037 9Kindle eBook

ISBN978 1 7837 1036 2EPUB eBook

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data applied for

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental standards of the country of origin.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Typeset from disk by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton, England Text design by Melanie Patrick

Simultaneously printed digitally by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, UK and Edwards Bros in the United States of America

Contents

List of Figures, Tables and Boxes

Figures

Tables

Boxes

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

* Denotes translation from the Spanish, indicating that the initials may not match the ordering of words or names.

AA Association Agreement

ACD Alliance for Conservation and Development (Panama)

ACLU American Civil Liberties Union

ADELA Action of Anti-Petroleum Struggle* (Costa Rica)

ADES Association for Social and Economic Development* (El Salvador)

AECO Ecologists Association of Costa Rica*

AHJASA Honduran Association of Village Water Committees*

ALBA Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America*

ANAM National Environment Authority* (Panama)

ANCON Association for the Conservation of Nature* (Panama)

ANDA National Aqueduct and Sewerage Administration* (El Salvador)

APP Water for the People* (Honduras)

APREFLOFAS Association for the Preservation of Flora and Fauna* (Costa Rica)

ARENA Nationalist Republican Alliance* (El Salvador)

ASADAS National Association of Water System and Sewerage Operators* (Costa Rica)

ASM artisanal and small-scale mining

ASONOG Association of NGOs* (Honduras)

ASOTRAEXDAN Association of Workers and Former Workers with Claims Against Nemagon* (Nicaragua)

AyA Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers*

BELPO Belize Institute of Environmental Law and Policy

BOPA Belize Organic Producers Association

CAFTA-DR Central America and Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement

CAM Campamento Environmentalist Movement* (Honduras)

CARSI Central America Regional Security Initiative

CASM Communities and Small-Scale Mining

CATAPA Technical Academic Committee for Assistance in Environmental Issues (Belgium)

CCAD Central American Commission on the Environment and Development*

CDM UN Clean Development Mechanism

CEDES Episcopal Conference of El Salvador*

CEICOM Salvadoran Centre of Research into Investment and Commerce*

CELAC Community of Latin American and Caribbean States*

CER certified emission reduction

CICIG International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala*

CIDA Canadian International Development Agency

CIDICCO International Centre for Information on Cover Crops* (Honduras)

CIEPAC Centre for Economic and Political Investigations into Community Action* (Mexico)

CIIR Catholic Institute for International Relations (now called Progressio)

CIS Exchange and Solidarity Centre* (El Salvador)

CISPES Committee in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

CNEE National Electrical Energy Commission* (Guatemala)

CODDEFFAGOLF Committee for the Defence and Development of the Flora and Fauna of the Gulf of Fonseca*

COFADEH Committee of Relatives of the Detained and Disappeared in Honduras*

COHDEFOR Honduran Corporation of Forestry Development*

COHEP Honduran National Council of Private Enterprise*

COMUS United Communities of Usulutn* (El Salvador)

CONAP National Council for Protected Areas* (Guatemala)

CONATEL National Telecommunications Commission* (Honduras)

CONAVIGUA National Association of Guatemalan Widows*

COPAE Pastoral Commission for Peace and Ecology* (Guatemala)

COPINH Civic Council of Popular and Indigenous Organisations of Honduras*

COSEP Superior Council of Private Business* (Nicaragua)

CSF Conservation Strategy Fund

CSR corporate social responsibility

DECA Department for Environmental Evaluation and Control* (Honduras)

DEFOMIN Department for the Promotion of Mining* (Honduras)

DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (UK)

DEOCSA Western Electricity Distribution* (Guatemala)

DEORSA Eastern Electricity Distribution* (Guatemala)

ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

EIA Environmental Investigation Agency

EIS environmental impact study

ENCA Environmental Network for Central America

ENEE National Electrical Energy Company* (Honduras)

ENEL Nicaraguan Electricity Company* (Nicaragua)

EPM Public Services Companies of Medelln* (Colombia)

EPZ export processing zone

FAFG Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation*

FANCA Fresh Water Action Network of Central America

FAO UN Food and Agriculture Organisation

FMLN Farabundo Mart Front for National Liberation* (El Salvador)

FNL National Front for Struggle* (Guatemala)

FNRP National Popular Resistance Front* (Honduras)

FRENA Resistance Front for Natural Resources* (Guatemala)

FRENASAPP National Front of Sectors Affected by Pineapple Production* (Costa Rica)

FSC Forest Stewardship Council

FSLN Sandinista Front for National Liberation* (Nicaragua)

FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas

FTZ free trade zone

GDP gross domestic product

GEF Global Environment Facility

GFC Global Forest Coalition

GJEP Global Justice Ecology Project

GMO genetically modified organism

HDI Human Development Index

HEP hydroelectric power

HPI Human Poverty Index

IACHR Inter-American Commission on Human Rights

ICE Costa Rican Electricity Institute*

ICF Institute of Forestry Conservation* (Honduras)

ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions

ICMM International Council on Mining and Metals

ICSID International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes

IDB Inter-American Development Bank

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