Robert S. Kramer - Historical Dictionary of the Sudan
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This fourth edition of the Historical Dictionary of the Sudan does so, first, through a lengthy and detailed chronology tracing its relatively few successes and numerous failures. The introductory essay does an admirable job of putting it all in perspective. But the most informative part is the dictionary, with now over 700 entries for this fourth edition. They deal with important personalities, politics, the economy, society, culture, religion and inevitably the civil war. There are also appendixes and an extensive bibliography.
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The historical dictionaries present essential information on a broad range of subjects, including American and world history, art, business, cities, countries, cultures, customs, film, global conflicts, international relations, literature, music, philosophy, religion, sports, and theater. Written by experts, all contain highly informative introductory essays of the topic and detailed chronologies that, in some cases, cover vast historical time periods but still manage to heavily feature more recent events.
Brief AZ entries describe the main people, events, politics, social issues, institutions, and policies that make the topic unique, and entries are cross-referenced for ease of browsing. Extensive bibliographies are divided into several general subject areas, providing excellent access points for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more. Additionally, maps, photographs, and appendixes of supplemental information aid high school and college students doing term papers or introductory research projects. In short, the historical dictionaries are the perfect starting point for anyone looking to research in these fields.
HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF AFRICA
Jon Woronoff, Series Editor
Senegal, Second Edition , by Andrew F. Clark and Lucie Colvin Phillips. 1994.
Comoro Islands , by Martin Ottenheimer and Harriet Ottenheimer. 1994.
Uganda , by M. Louise Pirouet. 1995.
Cte dIvoire (The Ivory Coast), Second Edition , by Robert J. Mundt. 1995.
Togo, Third Edition , by Samuel Decalo. 1996.
Tanzania, Second Edition , by Thomas P. Ofcansky and Rodger Yeager. 1997.
Chad, Third Edition , by Samuel Decalo. 1997.
Guinea-Bissau, Third Edition , by Richard Lobban and Peter Mendy. 1997.
Tunisia, Second Edition , by Kenneth J. Perkins. 1997.
Equatorial Guinea, Third Edition , by Max Liniger-Goumaz. 2000.
Kenya, Second Edition , by Robert M. Maxon and Thomas P. Ofcansky. 2000.
South Africa, Second Edition , by Christopher Saunders and Nicholas Southey. 2000.
Swaziland, Second Edition , by Alan R. Booth. 2000.
Djibouti , by Daoud A. Alwan and Yohanis Mibrathu. 2000.
Liberia, Second Edition , by D. Elwood Dunn, Amos J. Beyan, and Carl Patrick Burrowes. 2001.
Zimbabwe, Third Edition , by Steven C. Rubert and R. Kent Rasmussen. 2001.
Somalia, Second Edition , by Mohamed Haji Mukhtar. 2002.
Mozambique, Second Edition , by Mario Azevedo, Emmanuel Nnadozie, and Tom Mbuia Joo. 2003.
Egypt, Third Edition , by Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. and Robert Johnston. 2003.
Lesotho , by Scott Rosenberg, Richard Weisfelder, and Michelle Frisbie-Fulton. 2004.
Ethiopia, New Edition , by David H. Shinn and Thomas P. Ofcansky. 2004.
Central African Republic, Third Edition , by Pierre Kalck, translated by Xavier-Samuel Kalck. 2005.
Guinea, Fourth Edition , by Thomas OToole with Janice E. Baker. 2005.
Western Sahara, Third Edition , by Anthony G. Pazzanita. 2005.
Ghana, Third Edition , by David Owusu-Ansah. 2005.
Madagascar, Second Edition , by Philip M. Allen and Maureen Covell. 2005.
Sierra Leone, New Edition , by C. Magbaily Fyle. 2005.
Morocco, Second Edition , by Thomas K. Park and Aomar Boum. 2006.
Libya, Fourth Edition , by Ronald Bruce St John. 2006.
Gabon, Third Edition , by David E. Gardinier and Douglas A. Yates. 2006.
Algeria, Third Edition , by Phillip Naylor. 2006.
Burundi, Third Edition , by Ellen K. Eggers. 2007.
Republic of Cape Verde, Fourth Edition , by Richard A. Lobban Jr. and Paul Khalil Saucier. 2007.
Rwanda, New Edition , by Aimable Twagilamana. 2007.
Zambia, Third Edition , by David J. Simon, James R. Pletcher, and Brian V. Siegel. 2008.
Mali, Fourth Edition , by Pascal James Imperato, Gavin H. Imperato, and Austin C. Imperato. 2008.
Botswana, Fourth Edition , by Fred Morton, Jeff Ramsay, and Part Themba Mgadla. 2008.
The Gambia, Fourth Edition , by Arnold Hughes and David Perfect. 2008.
Mauritania, Third Edition , by Anthony G. Pazzanita. 2009.
Nigeria , by Toyin Falola and Ann Genova. 2009.
Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire), Third Edition , by Emizet Francois Kisangani and F. Scott Bobb. 2010.
Republic of Cameroon, Fourth Edition , by Mark Dike DeLancey, Rebecca Mbuh, and Mark W. DeLancey. 2010.
Eritrea, Second Edition , by Dan Connell and Tom Killion. 2011.
Angola, Second Edition , by W. Martin James. 2011.
Malawi, Fourth Edition , by Owen J. M. Kalinga. 2012.
Niger, Fourth Edition , by Abdourahmane Idrissa and Samuel Decalo. 2012.
Republic of the Congo, Fourth Edition , by John F. Clark and Samuel Decalo. 2012.
Namibia, Second Edition , by Victor L. Tonchi, William A. Lindeke, and John J. Grotpeter. 2012.
Benin, Fourth Edition , by Mathurin C. Houngnikpo and Samuel Decalo. 2013.
Burkina Faso, Third Edition , by Lawrence Rupley, Lamissa Bangali, and Boureima Diamitani. 2013.
Sudan, Fourth Edition , by Robert S. Kramer, Richard A. Lobban Jr., and Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban. 2013.
Historical Dictionary of the Sudan
Fourth Edition
Robert S. Kramer, andRichard A. Lobban Jr., and Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban
The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Lanham Toronto Plymouth, UK
2013
Published by Scarecrow Press, Inc.
A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
www.rowman.com
10 Thornbury Road, Plymouth PL6 7PP, United Kingdom
Copyright 2013 by Robert S. Kramer, Richard A. Lobban Jr., and Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kramer, Robert S., 1956
Historical dictionary of the Sudan / Robert S. Kramer, Richard A. Lobban, Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban. 4th ed.
p. cm. (Historical dictionaries of Africa)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-8108-6180-0 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8108-7940-9 (ebook)
1. SudanHistoryDictionaries. 2. SudanHistoryBibliography. I. Lobban, Richard Andrew, 1943. II. Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn. III. Title. IV. Series: Historical dictionaries of Africa.
DT155.3.V64 2013
962.4003dc23
2012043839
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Printed in the United States of America.
Contents
Editors Foreword
The Republic of Sudan was until 2011 the largest country in Africa and, according to the general consensus, also one of the least successful in many ways. This was not entirely its fault, since like most African countries its borders were those defined by the colonial powers whofor their own reasonsjoined together peoples of different ethnic and religious backgrounds, among other things. The result was very long-standing friction within the population, which resulted in two major civil wars between north and south and, within the north, serious and often bloody civil strife in Darfur and other regions. Now that a Republic of South Sudan has been carved out of the southern portion, certainly the internal tensions will be somewhat less although not entirely overcome, and it remains to be seen both how well each portion will do as an independent state and whether they can come to terms with one another... which would be in their interest but can hardly be assumed as the only outcome. Nonetheless, this is a particularly good time to finish the story with what is now a fourth edition of the Historical Dictionary of Sudan.
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