Francis P Hyland - Armenian Terrorism: The Past, the Present, the Prospects

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Armenian Terrorism

Armenian Terrorism

The Past, the Present, the Prospects

FrancisP.Hyland

First published 1991 by Westview Press, Inc.

Published 2020 by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1991 by Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hyland, Francis P.
Armenian terrorism: the past, the present, the prospects /
Francis P. Hyland.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8133-8124-X
1. Terrorism. 2. ArmeniansPolitics and government. I. Title.
HV6431.H95 1991
303.6'25'08991992dc20 91-16076
CIP

ISBN 13:978-0-367-01585-5 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-0-367-16572-7 (pbk)

More than a million of us died! What's the difference if twenty-five of you die?

Zohrab Sarkissian and Levon Ekmekjian, as they carried out the 7 August 1982 massacre at Ankara's Esenboga Airport

It wasn't enough.

Levon Ekmekjian, when told that seven persons, including an American woman, had died and seventy-two others had been wounded in the attack

Contents

1. 2 World War I: Ottoman Turkey
2. 3 The 1915 Massacres
3. 4 Post-World War I Retribution (Nemesis)
4. 5 Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
5. 6 "Hagop Hagopian"
6. 7 The Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide/ Armenian Revolutionary Army
7. 8 The New Armenian Resistance
8. 9 The Prospects

1. 2 World War I: Ottoman Turkey
2. 3 The 1915 Massacres
3. 4 Post-World War I Retribution (Nemesis)
4. 5 Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
5. 6 "Hagop Hagopian"
6. 7 The Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide/ Armenian Revolutionary Army
7. 8 The New Armenian Resistance
8. 9 The Prospects

1. v

Guide

Seemingly out of nowhere and apparently without warning, Armenian terrorist groups arose in the mid-1970s to join the ranks of the numerous other groups around the world at that time carrying out attacks on their professed adversaries. One after another, explosive devices fashioned by members of Armenian groups were detonated, killing and maiming innocent bystanders to gain attention for "Hay Tahd," "the Armenian Cause." Time after time, a gunman stepped up to an automobile and fired round after round into his Turkish target, until over two dozen Turkish diplomats, family members, and associates had died.

In addition to the attacks themselves, communiques issued after each attack, favorable newspaper articles in the Armenian ethnic press, other media coverage, press conferences, and even an Armenian-language radio program in Beirut all served to portray a widespread, deeply rooted anti-Turkish movement with thousands upon thousands of members. In the name of that self-professed "movement," well in excess of 200 attacks were carried out in 23 countries on four continents.

When the groups' stated aims had not been achieved within several years, the internal pressures inherent in all group settings intensified. Some of the pressures were relieved through schisms, as happened also in the case of the Palestinian movement. Widening the number of countries attacked, in some cases to force the release of imprisoned commandos, was another tactical outlet. In other cases, more indiscriminate attacks designed specifically to cause large numbers of injuries and deaths were the method chosen to "prove" to the world that the groups had lost none of their revolutionary fervor and remained a viable force with which Turkey and the West still had to contend.

Despite the secrecy inherent in the conduct of terrorist activities, and oftentimes in the pursuit of publicity, a number of individuals emerged from the shadowy background of the Armenian terrorist movement. Preeminent among those was the individual who used the name "Hagop Hagopian" when conducting press conferences, but who preferred the nom de guerre "Mujahed" (Warrior) when dealing with associates in ASALA, the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia.

Finally, the methods used so often by Armenian terrorists began to be turned inward on members of the groups and even on the leadership itself. On 28 April 1988, the man who had personally participated in a number of attacks and ordered hundreds of others was gunned down on an Athens street.

While contemporary Armenian terrorism appeared at first to spring up without warning, a closer look at Armenian history, especially at the more recent past, brings the realization that we have experienced merely one wave in a series. Because the traditional homeland of Armenia lay astride territory and trade routes coveted by many others, Armenians have suffered invasion, oppression, and worse for hundreds of years; the pattern has continued up into this century, in the case of Ottoman Turkey.

Given the right conditionsa catalytic event, an organization, a model groupall was in readiness for the next wave of Armenian terrorism. The conditions were satisfied in the 1970s, and the events detailed herein unfolded.

The author's objective in producing this book has been to gather into a single document the most comprehensive treatment of the subject of Armenian terrorism. A number of writers have focused on one or another aspect of the Armenian dynamichistory, language, religion, politics, terrorism. To fully comprehend the phenomenon that brings a young man to the point that he labors into the night to fashion an explosive device that will spray nails into a crowd of complete strangers, or fires a weapon repeatedly at his human target, has required the researcher to digest a large number of works. Some of them contributed large amounts of data; others, because of the nature of the topic of terrorism, only a single piece. It is this author's hope that if the researcher with a need to understand Armenian terrorism reads this book, that need will be filled.

In addition to an overview of the Armenian people, their culture, and the historical events that led up to the 1970s, subsequent sections will focus in the greatest detail on Armenian terrorismthe groups, leaders, members, tactics, attacks, weapons, infrastructure, funding, alliancesthe essence of what differentiates a terrorist group from other organizations.

Francis P. Hyland

Notes

. "The Reality" (Preface), Armenian Reporter, 10 January 1985, 3.

. "Murdered Arab Reportedly Commercial Attache," Athens Domestic Greek, 0080 GMT (28 April 1988). "ASALA Leader with PDRY Papers Killed in Athens 28 April," Paris Radio Monte Carlo in Arabic, 0500 GMT (29 April 1988).

I long ago lost count of the number of books I've read. Virtually all of them had an "Acknowledgments" page, ranging from one person to close to a hundred. I skimmed many of those acknowledgments. You may skim this one if you wish, but the names (some abbreviated for the sake of anonymity) that follow are here because, without them, you would not be sitting with this book in your lap. If you think that when you read the author's name you've seen all the names in the publishing process that count, write a book and see.

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