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The Routledge Dictionary of Twentieth-CenturyPolitical Thinkers

The Routledge Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Political Thinkers introduces the reader to important thinkers from the early years of the century to the contemporary period. Through them an informed, reliable and accessible guide to the ideas that have influenced political activity and thought in the twentieth century is provided.

Recognizing that the majority of people tend to associate an individual with a particular idea or movement, the editors have deliberately chosen a biographical approach. Each entry includes a brief biography, an outline of major ideas and suggestions for further reading. The difficult and sensitive task of selection has been decided on a theorists and practitioners basis subdivided into three basic categories: those who have actively engaged in politics; those whose reflections have influenced political movements and activity; and those whose writings have enhanced our understanding of politics.

This second edition extends the list of entries to 174, written by over 100 contributors who are leading authorities in their fields. The fully revised list includes Third World political theorists, those who have influenced new movements based on the issues of gender, ethnicity and ecology whose ascendancy will continue into the twenty-first century, and the most prominent Western thinkers. This will be essential reading for students of politics and philosophy as well as for those interested in the backgrounds and ideas of the major political theorists of the twentieth century.

Robert Benewick is Professor of Politics at the University of Sussex. Philip Green is Sophia Smith Professor of Government at Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts.

The Routledge Dictionary of
Twentieth-Century Political
Thinkers

Second edition

Edited by Robert Benewick and
Philip Green

First published 1992
by Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009.

To purchase your own copy of this or any of
Taylor & Francis or Routledges collection of thousands of eBooks
please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.

Second edition 1998

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

1998 Robert Benewick and Philip Green

The right of Robert Benewick and Philip Green to be identified as the Editors of this Work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
The Routledge Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Political Thinkers/ edited by Robert Benewick and Philip Green.[2nd ed.]
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Political scienceHistory20th centuryDictionaries.
2. Political scientistsBiographyDictionaries. I. Benewick, Robert. II. Green, Philip. JA83.R725 1997
320.0922dc21
[B] 9711585

ISBN 0-203-20946-X Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-20958-3 (Adobe ebook Reader Format)
ISBN 0-415-15881-8 (hbk)
ISBN 0-415-09623-5 (pbk)

eISBN : 978-1-13486-467-6

Introduction

This book is a direct response to those who need an informed, reliable and ready guide to the ideas that have influenced political activity and shaped political thinking in the twentieth century. Careful consideration has been given to developing an approach that will be the most useful to readers while at the same time encouraging them to explore the subject further.

It is our firm conviction that most people identify an idea, concept or system of thought with a particular individual. With this in mind we adopted a biographical rather than a thematic approach. Each major entry includes biographical material relevant to understanding the political ideas of the person under consideration, a brief discussion of those ideas and a short and thereby manageable list of their most important writings as well as a selection of commentaries.

The process of inclusion and exclusion is not only difficult but sensitive. Those included fall roughly into three groups: those with ideas who have actively engaged in politics; those whose reflections have influenced political movements and activity; and those whose writings have enhanced our understanding. For the first group of thinkers, whose ideas were clearly secondary to their political activity in significance, we have emphasized biographical data; but for the most part the entries are primarily short essays in the history of ideas.

The inclusion of both theorists and practitioners is not the only way in which this reference work is special. We have focused exclusively on the twentieth century and in doing so have deliberately moved beyond the boundaries and traditions of Western political thought. Not only have we included important non-Western political theorists but also those whose ideas have influenced new movements based on ethnicity, gender and ecological concerns. Finally, in order to achieve what we believe to be a unique and better balanced work of reference, we have recruited a wider field of expert contributors.

The second edition includes new entries on thinkers whose ideas have grown in influence as we approach the millennium. Since it is also an enlarged edition we have been able to respond positively to the recommendations of our colleagues and critics by correcting some important omissions, rewriting and expanding original entries and updating bibliographies.

Phoebe Schreiner was instrumental in the preparation of this edition, but as before, the editors happily accept exclusive responsibility for w\hatever biases persist.

R.B.
P.G.

Contributors

All uncredited short entries are by the editors.

Adorno	Douglas Kellner, Department of Philosophy, University of Texas at Austin
Aflaq	Peter Sluglett, formerly Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Durham
Althusser	Edward Benton, Department of Sociology, University of Essex
Arendt	Mary Dietz, Department of Political Science, University of Minnesota
Aron	Robert Colquhoun, Department of Advanced Studies in Education, Goldsmiths College, University of London
Atatrk	M.Naim Turfan, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Bahro	Edward Benton
Barrs	James Q.Graham, Jr, Professor Emeritus, Department of History, Bowling Green State University
de Beauvoir	Kate Soper, Department of History, University of North London
Ben Gurion	Donna Divine, Department of Government, Smith College
Bentley	Leo Weinstein, Department of Government, Smith College
Berlin

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