Herbert K Tillema - International Armed Conflict Since 1945: A Bibliographic Handbook of Wars and Military Interventions

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International Armed Conflict Since 1945

Series on State Violence, State Terrorism, and Human Rights

Series Editors
George A. Lopez, University of Notre Dame
Michael Stohl, Purdue University

International Armed Conflict Since 1945: A Bibliographic Handbook of Wars and Military Interventions, Herbert K. Tillema

World Justice? U.S. Courts and International
Human Rights, edited by Mark Gibney

State Organized Terror: The Case of Violent Internal Repression, edited by P. Timothy Bushnell, Vladimir Shlapentokh, Christopher K. Vanderpool, and Jeyaratnam Sundram

International Armed Conflict Since 1945

A Bibliographic Handbook of Wars and Military Interventions

Herbert K. Tillema

First published 1991 by Westview Press, Inc.

Published 2018 by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1991 Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tillema, Herbert K.
International armed conflict since 1945: a bibliographic handbook
of wars and military interventions / Herbert K. Tillema.
p. cm. (Series on state violence, state terrorism, and
human rights)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8133-8311-0
1. World politics1945- Bibliography. 2. Military history,
Modern20th centuryBibliography. I. Title. II. Series.
Z6204.T53 1991
[D843]
016.90982dc20 91-14544
CIP

ISBN 13: 978-0-367-01240-3 (hbk)

Contents

Guide

International Armed Conflict Since 1945 is a concise handbook that briefly describes each of 269 international wars and other warthreatening conflicts occurring between 1945 and 1988. It also includes select bibliographies that identify more than 1,000 books, articles and essays plus numerous news accounts especially useful to further study of each of these events.

This is part of the Overt Military Intervention project that hopes to trace paths to, through and away from contemporary war. The larger project aims also to compile machine-readable data describing more than 600 foreign overt military interventions conducted by more than 100 states since World War II. This volume, based on work in progress, is intended primarily for reference use by students and professional scholars of international relations, peace studies, comparative politics, national security studies and contemporary history. Among other things, it aims to draw attention to often forgotten conflicts that nearly brought war and to often overlooked aspects of familiar conflicts that apparently encouraged or constrained war. It is hoped that it will encourage further research in order to fill gaps in present knowledge.

I am grateful for support from many quarters. My daughters and spouse, Marie, Anne, and Susan, have shown great patience. Prior collaboration with John Van Wingen helped to shape essential ideas. Eric Anderson, Maqsood Choudary, and Yogesh Grover helped to gather data. Present and former colleagues at the University of Missouri-Columbia have given good advice, including Soon Sung Cho, Robin Remington, Paul Wallace and Birol Yesilada. Many others have encouraged the project from afar, including but not limited to Karen Feste, Charles W. Kegley, Jr., Frederic Pearson, J. David Singer, and Harvey Starr. Financial support from the University of Missouri has helped at crucial moments. Guidance and arduous effort by the staff of the University of Missouri Libraries made it possible to complete this book. Those who have given aid and comfort should be held blameless for any errors or omissions.

Herbert K. Tillema

Part One
Introduction

1
Introduction

Armed conflict pervades contemporary international relations. Frequent local and regional wars and military interventions that end just short of war repeatedly challenge the recent semblance of world peace. Nearly every world region has been afflicted since 1945. Most except the smallest states have forcibly intervened within foreign lands upon some occasion. A majority of independent states and non-selfgoverning territories have been recent targets of foreign military force at one time or another, including nearly all of the Third World.

Recent wars are noteworthy despite their ostensible limitations. The Korean War is believed to have killed more soldiers than any prior international encounter except World War I and World War II and contributed by memorable example to ensuing global belligerence between the "communist bloc" and the "free world". Millions died also during the Second Indochina War which dominated the world diplomatic agenda for more than a decade. Other major wars, including repeated conflicts between Israel and her neighbors and between India and Pakistan, have forcibly redefined the political geography of world regions.

Little wars and armed conflicts short of war are often important in themselves and are always significant for what they might become. Modern wars evolve. They do not, as did Pallas Athena, emerge fully grown and armor-clad from the brow of Zeus. Local wars typically begin with small engagements. Regional wars grow from local wars. World wars expand from regional wars. States aim toward war, whether or not they mean to do so, whenever they employ force within foreign lands. They do so frequently and the consequence is not always easily controlled. Serious local resistance, counterattack, or counterintervention by third parties can quickly enlarge an initially isolated affair. Global conflagration has been avoided since World War II but force and war are still widespread. Why states resort to force and how war is contained represent crucial questions in the nuclear era. It would help to know how major wars compare to little wars and to wars that might have been.

In one sense wars may be said to evolve through crises. Costs and risks associated with war are too obvious and too great for most statesmen to embrace them casually. Conflicts among basic values and threats, real or imagined, often presage use of force. Crisis is ubiquitous within international relations, however. A short list of famous crises includes only a few of the many occasions when war was near. States threaten war and risk war whenever they forcibly intervene within foreign domains.

War and intervention are sometimes misrepresented as entirely separate phenomena. Such sharp distinction is due in part to anachronistic legalisms inherited from the nineteenth century. Legal publicists used to condemn unsanctioned interference among states that enjoyed normal diplomatic relations while at the same time tolerating the same or worse within a declared or otherwise rightful "state of war". One form of it, overt military intervention, is essential to contemporary international war.

Overt Military Intervention

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