Arturo Santa-Cruz - International Election Monitoring, Sovereignty, and the Western Hemisphere: The Emergence of an International Norm

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This book applies cutting-edge theories of international relations to an important emerging topic. The author's exploration of critical elections in Chile, Nicaragua, Mexico, and Peru makes a valuable contribution to the study of Latin America, democracy, and the power of norms.

Alison Brysk
Professor, Political Science and International Studies
University of California, Irvine

It is rare to find such an original contribution as International Election Monitoring, Sovereignty, and the Western Hemisphere Idea. Santa-Cruz has accomplished that feat in describing the power of a new norm to redefine the concept of sovereignty and strengthen a basic human right. This book illuminates a new and hopeful landscape in international relations.

Robert A. Pastor
Director, Center for Democracy and Election Management
American University

A splendid book! Arturo Santa-Cruz delivers a superb multidimensional analysis of the globalization of the democratic idea and the role played by social organizations. State's sovereignty is laid in a precise theoretical and historical framework that supports the elegantly written dissection of one plebiscite (Chile 1988) and three elections (Nicaragua 1990, Mexico 1994 and Peru 2000). A must for those interested in contemporary history.

Sergio Aguayo
Professor of El Colegio de Mxico

This work puts the rise of international election monitoring in historical and theoretical perspective. Arturo Santa-Cruz has done a notable job in joining the dots that chart this new international norm, thus allowing us to make sense of it. A very interesting book especially for those interested in disciplines such as International Relations and Comparative Politics.

Genaro Arriagada
Fellow, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (1979 & 1991). Former Ambassador of Chile to the USA. International observer of elections in Bulgaria, Panama, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Haiti, Paraguay, Nicaragua and other countries

STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Edited by

Charles MacDonald

Florida International University

A ROUTLEDGE SERIES

STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

CHARLES MACDONALD, General Editor

PROMOTING WOMEN'S RIGHTS
The Politics of Gender in the European Union
Chrystalla A. Ellina

TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY AND TURKISH IDENTITY
A Constructivist Approach
Yl Bozdaliolu

ORGANIZING THE WORLD
The United States and Regional Cooperation in Asia and Europe
Galia Press-Barnathan

HUMAN RIGHTS IN CUBA, EL SALVADOR AND NICARAGUA
A Sociological Perspective on Human Rights Abuse
Mayra Gmez

NEGOTIATING THE ARCTIC
The Construction of an International Region
E. C. H. Keskitalo

THE COMMON FISHERIES POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
A Study in Integrative and Distributive Bargaining
Eugnia da Conceio-Heldt

MALAYSIA AND THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Globalization, Knowledge Transfers and Postcolonial Dilemmas
Vanessa C. M. Chio

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES AND STATE BEHAVIOR
Factors Influencing Cooperation
Denise K. DeGarmo

POLITICAL CORRUPTION IN THE CARIBBEAN BASIN
Constructing a Theory to Combat Corruption
Michael W. Collier

INTERNATIONAL ELECTION MONITORING, SOVEREIGNTY, AND THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE IDEA
The Emergence of an International Norm
Arturo Santa-Cruz

INTERNATIONAL ELECTION MONITORING, SOVEREIGNTY, AND THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE IDEA

The Emergence of an International Norm

Arturo Santa-Cruz

Routledge
New York & London

Published in 2005 by Routledge Taylor & Francis Group 270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016

Published in Great Britain by Routledge Taylor & Francis Group 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group.

Transferred to Digital Printing 2008

International Standard Book Number-10: 0-415-97443-7 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-415-97443-1 (Hardcover)
Library of Congress Card Number: 2005015187

No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-In-Publication Data

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Santa Cruz, Arturo.

International election monitoring, sovereignty, and the Western hemisphere idea: the emergence of an international norm / Arturo Santa-Cruz.
p. cm. -- (Studies in international relations)
Includes bibliographical references and index
ISBN 0-415-97443-7 (hardback)
1. Election monitoring. 2. Sovereignty. 3. Intervention (International law)--Political aspects. 4. Election monitoring--South America--Case studies. 5. South America--Politics and
government. I. Title. II. Series: Studies in international relations (Routledge (Firm))

JF1001.S243 2005
320.1'5'098--dc22 2005015187

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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com

and the Routledge Web site at http://www.routledge-ny.com

Publisher's Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent

To Brigit, Hannah, and Diego

Contents

Chapter One
On the Meaning of Sovereignty

Chapter Two
The Western Hemisphere Idea and the Emergence of IEM

Chapter Three
Chile's 1988 Plebiscite: The Birth of the IEM Network

Chapter Four
Nicaragua's 1990 Elections: The Consolidation of the IEM Network

Chapter Five
Mexico's 1994 Elections: Sovereignty Redefined

Chapter Six
Peru's 2000 Elections: Domestic Politics as an International Affair

Chapter Seven
IEM in Other Settings and in IR Theory

International election monitoring is an intriguing subject in part because it suggests a paradox: cross-boundary involvement in a domestic affair. It is intriguing of course only because of the assumption that state borders are sacrosanct. Scholarship, in contrast, attempts to be more of a commons or an agora, in which academics trade on a stock of knowledge and engage each other in an argumentative process. In putting a puzzle together, in this case, the effect of international election monitoring on state sovereignty, it is advisable to find partners and mentors. For as Keynes wrote, It is astonishing what foolish things one can temporarily believe if one thinks too long alone. While writing this book, which comes out of my doctoral dissertation, I was lucky and found the right company. I thus incurred many intellectual and personal debts to a lot of people. I would like to thank them here for their time and support. First, I thank Peter J. Katzenstein for believing in this project and for his constant encouragement and enlightened suggestions, which were an exceptional stimulus for pursuing this work. I would also like to thank, Valerie Bunce, Mathew Evangelista, Kathleen O'Neill, and Hector Schamis for their valuable comments and suggestions while this work was a dissertation.

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