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Irit Back is a researcher, lecturer and Head of African Studies at Tel Aviv University. She is the author of Islam and Post-Colonial Identity in West Africa (2005) and various articles on conflict resolution and contemporary Islam in Africa.

Most of the academic and policy literature in relation to Africa in general and to the specific topics at hand relies almost entirely on Western resources. In contrast, Back's excellent research analyzes Sudanese resources such as internet sites and newspapers in addition to Arabic and Middle Eastern newspapers. Hence it offers a more balanced understanding of issues involved with intervention in intrastate conflicts in general, and Sudanese reactions to this intervention in particular in its details, the study of the intervention in Darfur greatly contributes to our understanding of the development of the notion of non-intervention during Africa's post-colonial history. In its broader context, it offers important insights into African new peace and security architecture in issues such as the sovereignty of the state, the legitimacy of violent and oppressive regimes, and the right to protect the African citizen in cases of grave violations of human rights.

Galia Sabar, Professor of African Studies,
Tel Aviv University

INTERVENTION
AND
SOVEREIGNTY
IN AFRICA

Conflict Resolution and International
Organizations in Darfur

I RIT B ACK

New hardback edition published in 2016 by
I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd

London New York

www.ibtauris.com

Copyright 2016 Irit Back

The right of Irit Back to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Every attempt has been made to gain permission for the use of the images in this book. Any omissions will be rectified in future editions.

References to websites were correct at the time of writing.

International Library of African Studies 52

ISBN: 978 1 78453 250 5

eISBN: 978 0 85772 971 2

A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available

To my parents, Rachel and Shraga, who survived genocide,
and then went on to create a better world

CONTENTS

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

APF	African Peace Facility
AMIB	African Union Mission in Burundi
AMIS	African Union Mission in Sudan
AMISOM	African Union Mission in Somalia
ASF	African Standby Force
AU	African Union
AUHIP	African Union High Level Implementation Panel
CFC	Ceasefire Committee
CPA	Comprehensive Peace Agreement
DDDC	The Darfur-Darfur Dialogue and Consultation
DPA	Darfur Peace Agreement
ECOMOG	ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group
ECOWAS	Economic Community of West African States
GoS	Government of Sudan
GoSS	Government of South Sudan
ICC	International Criminal Court
ICISS	International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty
ICU	Islamic Courts Union (Somalia)
IDPs	Internally Displaced People
IGAD	Intergovernmental Authority on Development
IGASOM	IGAD Peace Support Mission in Somalia
INPFL	Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia
LAS	League of Arab States
LRA	Lord's Resistance Army (Uganda)
MILBOS	Military Observers
MONUC	United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
NIF	National Islamic Front
NPLF	National Patriotic Front of Liberia
OAU	Organization of African Unity
RUF	Revolutionary United Front
SLM/A	Sudan Liberation Movement/Army
SPLA/M	Sudan People Liberation Army/Movement
TCCs	Troop-Contributing Countries
TFG	Transitional Federal Government (Somalia)
TDRA	Transitional Darfur Regional Authority
UNAMID	United Nations-African Union Mission in Darfur
UNAMIR	United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
UNITAF	Unified Task Force (Somalia)
UNMIS	United Nations Mission in Sudan
UNOC	United Nations Operation in Congo
UNOMIL	United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia
UNOSOM	United Nations Operation in Somalia

TIMETABLE OF EVENTS IN DARFUR (AND RELATED EVENTS) 200410

2004

April Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement on the Conflict in Darfur (signed in N'Djamena, Chad).

April Agreement between GoS, SLM/A, and JEM to convene and hold peace talks (signed in N'Djamena, Chad). First AMIS troops arrive in Darfur.

May Agreement with the Sudanese parties on the Modalities for the establishment of the Ceasefire Commission and the Deployment of Observers in Darfur (signed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia).

May The PSC calls on the Commission to take all necessary measures to ensure effective implementation of the 8 April ceasefire agreement, including deployment of an African Union Mission in Darfur.

June The first six AU military observers are deployed to the Ceasefire Commission in Darfur.

June US Congress defines the events in Darfur as genocide.

August The Abuja talks commence under AU auspices.

August The African Union deploys the first Rwandan troops in Darfur, tasked with monitoring the ceasefire.

September UN Security Council sets up an independent commission of inquiry into Darfur.

November Protocol between GoS, SLM/A, and JEM on the Improvement of the Humanitarian Situation in Darfur (signed in Abuja, Nigeria).

OctoberDecember Third and Fourth rounds of Abuja talks.

2005

January Comprehensive Peace Agreement between GoS and the SPLM (signed in Naivasha, Kenya).

March UN Security Council refers Darfur to ICC.

March The AU PCS decides to support transition to a United Nations peacekeeping force in Darfur.

May First discussion of handing over AMIS to the UN.

July Government of National Unity established. John Garang dies in helicopter crash.

October Haskanita Conference organized by Minni Minnawi.

SeptemberNovember Sixth and Seventh rounds of Abuja talks.

2006

January AU rejects Sudan's bid to chair the organization.

May The Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) is signed in Abuja, Nigeria, by the Government of Sudan (GoS) and the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (represented by Minni Minnawi).

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