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Todd Cleveland - Diamonds in the Rough: Corporate Paternalism and African Professionalism on the Mines of Colonial Angola, 1917–1975

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Diamonds in the Rough: Corporate Paternalism and African Professionalism on the Mines of Colonial Angola, 1917–1975: summary, description and annotation

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Diamonds in the Rough explores the lives of African laborers on Angolas diamond mines from the commencement of operations in 1917 to the colonys independence from Portugal in 1975. The mines were owned and operated by the Diamond Company of Angola, or Diamang, which enjoyed exclusive mining and labor concessions granted by the colonial government. Through these monopolies, the company became the most profitable enterprise in Portugals African empire. After a tumultuous initial period, the companys mines and mining encampments experienced a remarkable degree of stability, in striking contrast to the labor unrest and ethnic conflicts that flared in other regions. Even during the Angolan war for independence (196175), Diamangs zone of influence remained comparatively untroubled.

Todd Cleveland explains that this unparalleled level of quietude was a product of three factors: African workers high levels of social and occupational commitment, or professionalism; the extreme isolation of the mining installations; and efforts by Diamang to attract and retain scarce laborers through a calculated paternalism. The companys offer of decent accommodations and recreational activities, as well as the presence of women and children, induced reciprocal behavior on the part of the miners, a professionalism that pervaded both the social and the workplace environments. This disparity between the harshness of the colonial labor regime elsewhere and the relatively agreeable conditions and attendant professionalism of employees at Diamang opens up new ways of thinking about how Africans in colonial contexts engaged with forced labor, mining capital, and ultimately, each other.

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Diamonds in the Rough NEW AFRICAN HISTORIES SERIES EDITORS JEAN ALLMAN - photo 1
Diamonds in the Rough
NEW AFRICAN HISTORIES

SERIES EDITORS: JEAN ALLMAN, ALLEN ISAACMAN, AND DEREK R. PETERSON
Books in this series are published with support from the Ohio University National Resource Center for African Studies.
David William Cohen and E. S. Atieno Odhiambo, The Risks of Knowledge: Investigations into the Death of the Hon. Minister John Robert Ouko in Kenya, 1990
Belinda Bozzoli, Theatres of Struggle and the End of Apartheid
Gary Kynoch, We Are Fighting the World: A History of the Marashea Gangs in South Africa, 19471999
Stephanie Newell, The Forgers Tale: The Search for Odeziaku
Jacob A. Tropp, Natures of Colonial Change: Environmental Relations in the Making of the Transkei
Jan Bender Shetler, Imagining Serengeti: A History of Landscape Memory in Tanzania from Earliest Times to the Present
Cheikh Anta Babou, Fighting the Greater Jihad: Amadu Bamba and the Founding of the Muridiyya in Senegal, 18531913
Marc Epprecht, Heterosexual Africa? The History of an Idea from the Age of Exploration to the Age of AIDS
Marissa J. Moorman, Intonations: A Social History of Music and Nation in Luanda, Angola, from 1945 to Recent Times
Karen E. Flint, Healing Traditions: African Medicine, Cultural Exchange, and Competition in South Africa, 18201948
Derek R. Peterson and Giacomo Macola, editors, Recasting the Past: History Writing and Political Work in Modern Africa
Moses E. Ochonu, Colonial Meltdown: Northern Nigeria in the Great Depression
Emily S. Burrill, Richard L. Roberts, and Elizabeth Thornberry, editors, Domestic Violence and the Law in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa
Daniel R. Magaziner, The Law and the Prophets: Black Consciousness in South Africa, 19681977
Emily Lynn Osborn, Our New Husbands Are Here: Households, Gender, and Politics in a West African State from the Slave Trade to Colonial Rule
Robert Trent Vinson, The Americans Are Coming! Dreams of African American Liberation in Segregationist South Africa
James R. Brennan, Taifa: Making Nation and Race in Urban Tanzania
Benjamin N. Lawrance and Richard L. Roberts, editors, Trafficking in Slaverys Wake: Law and the Experience of Women and Children
David M. Gordon, Invisible Agents: Spirits in a Central African History
Allen F. Isaacman and Barbara S. Isaacman, Dams, Displacement, and the Delusion of Development: Cahora Bassa and Its Legacies in Mozambique, 19652007
Stephanie Newell, The Power to Name: A History of Anonymity in Colonial West Africa
Gibril R. Cole, The Krio of West Africa: Islam, Culture, Creolization, and Colonialism in the Nineteenth Century
Matthew M. Heaton, Black Skin, White Coats: Nigerian Psychiatrists, Decolonization, and the Globalization of Psychiatry
Meredith Terretta, Nation of Outlaws, State of Violence: Nationalism, Grassfields Tradition, and State Building in Cameroon
Paolo Israel, In Step with the Times: Mapiko Masquerades of Mozambique
Michelle R. Moyd, Violent Intermediaries: African Soldiers, Conquest, and Everyday Colonialism in German East Africa
Abosede A. George, Making Modern Girls: A History of Girlhood, Labor, and Social Development in Colonial Lagos
Alicia C. Decker, In Idi Amins Shadow: Women, Gender, and Militarism in Uganda
Rachel Jean-Baptiste, Conjugal Rights: Marriage, Sexuality, and Urban Life in Colonial Libreville, Gabon
Shobana Shankar, Who Shall Enter Paradise? Christian Origins in Muslim Northern Nigeria, ca. 18901975
Emily S. Burrill, States of Marriage: Gender, Justice, and Rights in Colonial Mali
Todd Cleveland, Diamonds in the Rough: Corporate Paternalism and African Professionalism on the Mines of Colonial Angola, 19171975
Diamonds in the Rough
Corporate Paternalism and African Professionalism on the Mines of Colonial Angola, 19171975
Picture 2
Todd Cleveland
OHIO UNIVERSITY PRESS Picture 3ATHENS
Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio 45701
ohioswallow.com
2015 by Ohio University Press
All rights reserved
To obtain permission to quote, reprint, or otherwise reproduce or distribute material from Ohio University Press publications, please contact our rights and permissions department at (740) 593-1154 or (740) 593-4536 (fax).
Printed in the United States of America
Ohio University Press books are printed on acid-free paperPicture 4
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cleveland, Todd, author.
Diamonds in the rough : corporate paternalism and African professionalism on the mines of colonial Angola, 19171975 / Todd Cleveland.
pages cm. (New African histories)
ISBN 978-0-8214-2135-2 (hc : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8214-2134-5 (pb : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8214-4521-1 (pdf)
1. Diamond industry and tradeAngola. 2. Diamond mines and miningAngola. 3. Diamond minersAngolaSocial conditions. I. Title. II. Series: New African histories series.
HD9677.A542C55 2015
338.278209673dc23
2015004834
To Julianna
Contents

Illustrations

FIGURES
MAP
TABLES
Acknowledgments

This project would never have progressed much beyond the conceptual stage without the assistance of a great number of people, spanning three continents. First Id like to thank Patricia Hayes, who introduced me to the topics that this book explores. Following a talk she gave at the University of Minnesota, her comment that a study of diamond mining in colonial Angola would constitute a long overdue endeavor almost instantaneously concluded my struggle to identify an appealing project. From the commencement of the research to the completion of the book, Allen Isaacman has been intimately involved; his ongoing support and encouragement throughout have been unflagging. At Minnesota, I also received indispensable training, support, advice, and feedback from several other colleagues, including, most notably, Helena Pohlandt-McCormick and Fernando Arenas. Before arriving at Minnesota, I received invaluable assistance from Doug Wheeler and Funso Afolayan at the University of New Hampshire.
Research in Portugal could not have been completed without the assistance of several individuals. In Lisbon, Franz-Wilhelm Heimer and Ana Paula Tavares offered advice and maximized my time and efforts by directing me to the most instructive archival sources. Staff at the Arquivo Histrico Ultramarino, Biblioteca Nacional, Sociedade de Geographia, and Torre do Tombo were always welcoming and helpful. In particular, Aura Carrilho made my time at the Torre do Tombo as productive as possible, and always did so with a smile, while Isabel Reis introduced my wife, Julianna, and me to the extensive network of former Diamang employees residing in Portugal, and in all other ways treated us as if we were lifelong friends.
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