Sarah Abrevaya Stein - Extraterritorial Dreams
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Sarah Abrevaya Stein
The University of Chicago Press
Chicago & London
SARAH ABREVAYA STEIN is professor of history and Maurice Amado Chair in Sephardic Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. A Guggenheim Fellow, she is the author of many books, including Saharan Jews and the Fate of French Algeria, also published by the University of Chicago Press.
The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637
The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London
2016 by The University of Chicago
All rights reserved. Published 2016.
Printed in the United States of America
25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 1 2 3 4 5
ISBN -13: 978-0-226-36819-1 (cloth)
ISBN -13: 978-0-226-36822-1 (paper)
ISBN -13: 978-0-226-36836-8 (e-book)
DOI : 10.7208/chicago/9780226368368.001.0001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Stein, Sarah Abrevaya, author.
Title: Extraterritorial dreams : European citizenship, Sephardi Jews, and the Ottoman twentieth century / Sarah Abrevaya Stein.
Description: Chicago : University of Chicago Press, [2016] | 2016 | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015043311 | ISBN 9780226368191 (cloth : alkaline paper) | ISBN 9780226368221 (paperback : alkaline paper) | ISBN 9780226368368 (e-book)
Subjects: LCSH: JewsTurkeyHistory20th century. | SephardinTurkeyHistory2oth century. | JewsEuropeHistory 20th Century. | JewsLegal status, laws, etc.History.
Classification: LCC DS 135. T 8 S75 2016 | DDC 940.3089/924056dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015043311
This paper meets the requirements of ANSI / NISO Z 39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
To my grandparents, zl,
Jay and Lorayne Stein
and
Victor and Sally Abbey (Abrevaya)
whose extraterritorial dreams I have followed across many borders,
and to the City of Angels.
Like most young Jewish men born in Turkey toward the end of the century, Vili disparaged anything to do with Ottoman culture and thirsted for the West, finally becoming Italian the way most Jews in Turkey did: by claiming ancestral ties with Leghorn, a port city near Pisa where escaped Jews from Spain had settled in the sixteenth century. A very distant Italian relative bearing the Spanish name of Pardo-Roques was conveniently dug up in LeghornVili was half Pardo-Roques himself, whereupon all living cousins in Turkey immediately became Italian.... Uncle Vili knew how to convey that intangible though unmistakable feeling that he had lineagea provenance so ancient and so distinguished that it transcended such petty distinctions as birthplace, nationality, and religion...
ANDR ACIMAN , Out of Egypt
Dear Rebecca, we must have patience until God brings us all back together again in good health, which is most the important thing. Let the children know everything. They should write down on a piece of paper like the ones they used to have our dates of birth as well as when they became French. As for you, if God brings you neither money nor jewels do not be concerned. They take it all anyway.
LETTER BY BENSION HAIM YACO SOULAM TO REBECCA SOULAM [NE BENSASSON] , written from the Drancy internment camp, c. 19411942
If I reckon up the many forms I have filled out during these years, declarations on every trip, tax declarations, foreign exchange certificates, border passes, entrance permits, departure permits, registrations on coming and on going; the many hours I have spent in ante-rooms of consulates and officials, the many inspectors, friendly and unfriendly, bored and overworked, before whom I have sat, the many examinations and interrogations at frontiers I have been through, then I feel keenly how much human dignity has been lost in this century... Human beings made to feel that they were objects and not subjects, that nothing was their right but everything merely a favor by official grace. They were codified, registered, numbered, stamped and even today I, as a case-hardened creature of an age of freedom and a citizen of the world-republic of my dreams, count every impression of a rubber-stamp in my passport a stigma, every one of those hearings and searches a humiliation. They are petty trifles, always merely trifles, I am well aware, trifles in a day when human values sink more rapidly than those of currencies.
STEFEN ZWEIG , The World of Yesterday, 1943
The complexity of being an extraterritorial subject or protector nation is often embodied in archival documents, which employ multiple spellings and versions of people and place names. In the interest of honoring my sources, I tend to employ proper names as they appear in archival originals, except in the instance of people or place names commonly employed in English-language scholarship, e.g., Edirne, Istanbul, Izmir, and Salonica. In transliterating Ladino, I employ the Aki Yerushalayim system, which represents the language phonetically. Hebrew transliterations accord to the system of the Library of Congress with diacritics removed and phonetic guidelines respected.
All translations are my own unless otherwise specified.
To others, Spains and Portugals pursuit of Sephardi subjects appears crass, and the associated conditions, language and historical examinations, and fees imposed by the state distasteful.
All these actors, seemingly unknowingly, are reenacting a drama first staged five centuries ago, when, in accordance with a series of bilateral treaties between the European powers and the Ottoman leadership (known to the Ottomans as ahdnameler and to the Europeans as the capitulations or the capitulatory regime), the states of Europe began to register Ottoman-born, non-Muslim subjectsat first, almost entirely Christian translatorsas protgs, or protected subjects. Then, as now, strategic motives underlay the development. For many centuries, as today, the European powers viewed the acquisition of Christian (as well as some Jewish) subjects as materially and symbolically advantageous, while the individuals involved perceived the acquisition of foreign protection as a canny investment and a hedge against an unstable world. The pursuit of Ottoman Jewish subjects, it seems, suggests the enduring salience of a centuries-old story, as well as a metric by which to measure and evaluate current events.
This book is not so much preoccupied with the history of the protg as with the prismatic breaking apart of this status in the modern period, including its transmutation into various legal spectral forms. More specifically, it traces the experience of Ottoman Jewish women, men, and childrenJews of Ottoman birth or descentwho held, sought, or lost the protection of a European power in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when the capitulatory regime was giving way to the passport regime and the Ottoman Empire giving way to various successor states. These stories are constitutive of what I am calling the Ottoman twentieth century, an era in which residual traces of a quintessentially Ottoman legal regime were palpable even after the empire was dismantled, and well outside its erstwhile boundaries.
In invoking extraterritorial dreams, I conjure the reveries and traumas of a variety of actors who contended with extraterritoriality at a time when the value and future of this legal niche was profoundly uncertain. There were, in the first instance, Jewish women, men, and children born in the Ottoman Empire (and their children or grandchildren, who might have been born elsewhere) who held, sought, or lost the protection of a European state. Second, there were the many state representatives with whom these individuals dealt: Finally, there was a bevy of nongovernmental organizations invested in the fate of the protected subject. These organizations, which included a number of powerful Jewish philanthropies, appreciated that the fate of Jewish extraterritorials (like the fate of other holders of ambiguous legal status of the time, including the stateless, expelled, transferred, and exchanged) was of international concern. Reconstructing the multivocal conversation about extraterritoriality conducted between these parties (and understanding what this conversation teaches us about modern citizenship, Jews, and the relationship between the states of western and central Europe, on the one hand, and the Ottoman Empire and its successor states in Southeastern Europe and the Middle East, on the other) is the principal goal of this book.
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