Bill Brugger - China Since the Gang of Four

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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: CHINA UNDER MAO

Volume 4

CHINA SINCE THE GANG OF FOUR

CHINA SINCE THE GANG OF FOUR

Edited by
BILL BRUGGER

First published in 1980 by Croom Helm Ltd

This edition first published in 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1980 Bill Brugger

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-138-32344-5 (Set)
ISBN: 978-0-429-43659-8 (Set) (ebk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-34106-7 (Volume 4) (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-44037-3 (Volume 4) (ebk)

Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

CHINA

Since the

GANG OF FOUR

EDITED BY BILL BRUGGER

1980 Bill Brugger
Croom Helm Ltd, 2-10 St Johns Road, London SW11

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

China since the Gang of Four.

1. China Social conditions1976
I. Brugger, William
309.15105 HN733.5
ISBN 0-7099-0203-4

Printed in Great Britain by
Biddles Ltd, Guildford, Surrey

Contents

To Dennis Woodward and Steve Reglar for their advice on various chapters in this book. To Andrew Little for map work. To Suzanne Brugger for putting up with an editor who was even more ill-tempered than he was when he put together the previous book. To Marie Baker, Anne Gabb, Jenifer Jefferies and Linda Kelly for typing the manuscript. To Ron Slee for preparing the index and general editorial assistance.

ASEAN	Association of South East Asian Nations
ANU	Australian National University
BR	Beijing Review (formerly Peking Review)
CB	Current Background
CC	Central Committee
CCP	Chinese Communist Party
CPSU	Communist Party of the Soviet Union
CQ	The China Quarterly
EEC	European Economic Community
FAO	Food and Agriculture Organisation
FBIS	Foreign Broadcast Information Service
FEER	Far Eastern Economic Review
FTD	Full-time Day (Schools)
GMRB	Guangming Ribao
GNP	Gross National Product
JPRS	Joint Publications Research Service
NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
NCNA	New China (Xinhua) News Agency
NPAD	National Programme for Agricultural Development
OECD	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PFLP	Peking Foreign Languages Press
PLA	Peoples Liberation Army
PR	Peking Review
RMRB	Renmin Ribao
SCMM	Selections from China Mainland Magazines (later SPRCM)
SCMP	Survey of China Mainland Press (later SPRCP)
SPRCM	Selections from the Peoples Republic of China Magazines (formerly SCMM)
SPRCP	Survey of the Peoples Republic of China Press (formerly SCMP)
SW	Selected Works
SWB	Summary of World Broadcasts (British Broadcasting Corporation) Pt 3 The Far East
TPRC	Translations from the Peoples Republic of China (JPRS)
UNCTAD	United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
URI	Union Research Institute
US	United States
USSR	Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics

Events in China, since the demise of the Gang of Four in October 1976, have given rise to a debate amongst scholars as intense as that which accompanied the beginning of the Cultural Revolution in 1966. A host of questions has been asked. Has the Chinese commitment to revolution undergone a fundamental change or have Chinas leaders simply been reacting to the ultra-left idealism generated in the Cultural Revolution? Since socialism may not be built in a state of generalised want, is the current stress on developing the productive forces the only possible socialist strategy? On the other hand, is such a stress an impermissible separation of means and ends? Was Trotsky right in seeing the development of the productive forces as a necessary precondition for ending bureaucratism or was Weber right in seeing such development as the very cause of bureaucratism? What, moreover, is the nature of that bureaucratism? Is it just a deformity, as Trotsky believed, or is it capable of generating new classes, as the Gang of Four believed? If we accept the latter, then what was wrong with the strategy of the Gang? Were they competent theoretically but incompetent politically or is it impossible to make such a separation? Is it true that the present leadership has rejected all of the Gang of Fours arguments and, along with them, those of the late Chairman Mao or have certain leaders made merely a selective rejection? What, therefore, are the policy cleavages among those leaders? Perhaps the policy cleavages are not, in fact, very important and, for all the rejection of the Gang, we are merely seeing another version of the same strategy. If this is so, how may we best conceptualise the Chinese social system? Are concepts like Stalinism, totalitarianism, state capitalism or even socialism itself much use?

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